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Kusukela bangena emkhiqizweni wezimboni ngawo-1940, ama-surfactants asetshenziswe kabanzi futhi anconywa ngokuthi "i-MSG yezimboni." Ama-molecule e-surfactant anezici ze-amphiphilic, eziwavumela ukuthi anqwabelane endaweni enezixazululo ezinamanzi, okushintsha kakhulu izakhiwo zesisombululo. Ngokuya ngesilinganiso sezingxenye ze-hydrophilic kuya ku-hydrophobic kanye nesakhiwo samangqamuzana, ama-surfactants abonisa izakhiwo ezihlukene. Zinezinhlobonhlobo zezici ze-physicochemical, okuhlanganisa ukuhlakazeka, ukumanzisa noma ukulwa nokunamathela, i-emulsification noma i-demulsification, ukukhipha amagwebu noma ukukhipha amagwebu, i-solubilization, ukugeza, ukulondolozwa, kanye nemiphumela ye-antistatic. Lezi zakhiwo ezibalulekile zibalulekile ekudayeni izindwangu kanye nokucubungula. Izibalo zibonisa ukuthi zingaphezu kuka-3,000 izinhlobo zama-surfactants ezisetshenziswa embonini yendwangu, ebalulekile kuzo zonke izinqubo zokukhiqiza, okuhlanganisa ukucwenga i-fiber, ukuphotha, ukuluka, ukudaya, ukuphrinta, nokuqeda. Indima yabo ukuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yezindwangu, ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kokuluka kwezintambo, nokunciphisa izikhathi zokucubungula; ngakho-ke, ama-surfactants anegalelo elikhulu embonini yendwangu.

 

1. Ukusetshenziswa kwama-Surfactants embonini yezindwangu

 

1.1 Inqubo Yokugeza

Enqubweni yokuwasha yokucubungula izindwangu, kubalulekile ukuthi ungabheki umphumela wokuwasha kuphela kodwa nokuthamba kwendwangu kanye nezindaba ezingase ziphele. Ngakho-ke, ukuthuthukiswa kwama-surfactants amasha ahlinzeka ngokusebenza kahle kokuhlanza ngenkathi kugcinwa ukuthamba nokuzinza kombala wendwangu sekugxilwe okuyinhloko ocwaningweni lwe-surfactant namuhla. Ngokuqwashisa okwandayo ngokuvikelwa kwemvelo kanye nemigoqo eqinile yamazwe ngamazwe yokuqinisekisa imvelo ebhekene nokuthunyelwa kwendwangu kwamanye amazwe, ukwakhiwa kwezihlanzi ezisebenza kahle, ezicasula kancane, nezibola kalula sekuyindaba ephuthumayo embonini yendwangu.

1.2 Ukucubungula Udayi

Ama-surfactants asebenza izindima ezihlukene, asebenza kokubili njengezisabalalisi zokucubungula udayi nanjengama-leveling agents ekudayeni. Njengamanje, ama-surfactants e-anionic asetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko njengama-dispersants, okuhlanganisa i-naphthalene sulfonate-formaldehyde condensates kanye ne-lignin sulfonates. Ama-Nonionic surfactants afana nama-nonylphenol ethoxylates avame ukuhlanganiswa nezinye izinhlobo zama-surfactants. Ama-Cationic and zwitterionic surfactants anemikhawulo ethile ekusebenziseni. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe obusha bokudaya, obufana nokudaya nge-microwave, ukudaya ngegwebu, ukuphrinta kwedijithali, nokudaya okuwuketshezi okungaphezu kokubaluleke kakhulu, sekuvuthiwe, izidingo zama-ejenti okulinganisa kanye nezisabalalisi sezifuna kakhulu.

1.3 Ama-ejenti wokuthambisa

Ngaphambi kokudaya nokuqedwa, izindwangu ngokuvamile zibhekana nokwelashwa kwangaphambili okufana nokukhuhlwa nokucwecwa, okungaholela ekuzizweleni kwesandla esimaholo. Ukuze unikeze isandla esiqinile, esibushelelezi nesithambile, izinto ezithambisayo—iningi lazo okungama-surfactants—ziyadingeka. I-anionic softening agents isetshenziswe isikhathi eside kodwa ibhekana nezinselele ekukhangisweni ngenxa yokushajwa okungekuhle kumafayibha emanzini, okuholela emiphumeleni yokuthambisa ebuthakathaka. Ezinye izinhlobo zifanele ukusetshenziswa emafutheni endwangu njengezinto ezithambisayo, okuhlanganisa i-sulfosuccinate namafutha e-castor ane-sulfated.

Ama-Nonionic softening agents akhiqiza isandla sizizwa sifana ne-anionic ngaphandle kokubangela ukuguquguquka kombala; angasetshenziswa nama-anionic noma ama-cationic softening agents kodwa abe ne-fiber adsorption empofu kanye nokuqina okuphansi. Asetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko ekuqedeni ukuqedwa kwamafayibha e-cellulosic futhi njengezingxenye ezithambisayo nezibushelelezi kuma-synthetic fiber oil agents. Amakilasi afana ne-pentaerythritol fatty acid esters kanye ne-sorbitan fatty acid esters abalulekile, ehlisa kakhulu i-coefficient of friction for cellulosic and synthetic fibers.

Ama-Cationic surfactants abonisa ukubopha okuqinile okunemicu ehlukahlukene, awakwazi ukumelana nokushisa futhi amelana nokuwashwa, ahlinzeka ngokuzwakala kwesandla okucebile nokuthambile. Baphinde banikeze izakhiwo ze-antistatic kanye nemiphumela emihle ye-antibacterial, okwenza kube ama-ejenti okuthambisa abaluleke kakhulu futhi asetshenziswa kabanzi. Iningi lama-cationic surfactants aqukethe i-nitrogen, ngokuvamile afaka usawoti we-quarternary ammonium. Phakathi kwazo, izinhlanganisela ze-dihydroxyethyl quaternary ammonium zigqama ngokuthambisa kwazo okukhethekile, ezithola imiphumela emihle ngokusetshenziswa okungu-0.1% kuya ku-0.2% kuphela, ngaphezu kokumanzisa kanye nemisebenzi elwa nokuvuvukala, nakuba zinkulu futhi zibeka izinselele zokuwohloka kwemvelo. Isizukulwane esisha semikhiqizo eluhlaza ngokuvamile siqukethe ama-surfactants ane-ester, amide, noma i-hydroxyl amaqembu abola kalula ama-microorganisms abe ama-fatty acid, ngaleyo ndlela kuncishiswe umthelela wendawo.

1.4 Ama-Antistatic Agents

Ukuqeda noma ukuvimbela ugesi omile okhiqizwa phakathi nezinqubo ezihlukahlukene zendwangu kanye nenqubo yokuqedela indwangu, ama-antistatic agents ayadingeka. Umsebenzi wabo oyinhloko ukudlulisela ukugcinwa komswakama kanye nezakhiwo ze-ionic ezindaweni zefayibha, ukunciphisa izakhiwo zokuvikela ukushisa kanye nokwandisa ukuqhutshwa kwe-conductivity ukuze kuncishiswe amashaji kanye nokuqeda noma ukuvimbela ugesi omile. Phakathi kwama-surfactants, ama-anionic antistatic agents ahluke kakhulu. Amafutha ane-sulfated, ama-fatty acids, kanye notshwala obunamafutha anekhabhoni ephezulu kunganikeza izakhiwo ezilwa nokuvuvukala, ezithambisayo, zokuthambisa, nezokuqinisa. I-Alkyl sulfates, ikakhulukazi usawoti we-ammonium kanye nosawoti we-ethanolamine, anamandla aphezulu okulwa ne-antistatic.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-alkylphenol ethoxylate sulfate igqama phakathi kwama-anionic antistatic agents ngokusebenza kwawo okuphezulu. Ngokuvamile, ama-cationic surfactants awawona nje ama-antistatic agents asebenzayo kodwa futhi ahlinzeka ngezakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu zokugcoba nokunamathela kwe-fiber. Izithiyo zabo zihlanganisa ukuguquka kombala okungase kube khona, ukukhanya okuncishisiwe, ukungahambisani nama-anionic surfactants, ukugqwala kwensimbi, ubuthi obuphezulu, nokucasuka kwesikhumba, okukhawulela ukusetshenziswa kwazo ikakhulukazi ekuqedeni indwangu kuneejenti zikawoyela. Ama-Cationic surfactants asetshenziswa njengama-antistatic agents ahlanganisa i-quaternary ammonium compounds nama-fatty acid amides. Ama-surfactants e-Zwitterionic, afana ne-betaines, ahlinzeka ngemiphumela emihle ye-antistatic kanye nokugcoba, emulsifying, kanye nezakhiwo zokuhlakaza.

Ama-Nonionic surfactants abonisa ukugcinwa komswakamo okuqinile futhi afanele izimo ezinomswakama ophansi wamafayibha. Ngokuvamile akuthinti ukusebenza kukadayi futhi angalungisa i-viscosity ebangeni elibanzi, aveze ubuthi obuphansi nokucasuka okuncane kwesikhumba, okusiza ukusetshenziswa kwawo okubanzi njengezingxenye ezibalulekile kuwoyela wokwenziwa—ikakhulukazi ama-fatty alcohol ethoxylates ne-fatty acid polyethylene glycol esters.

1.5 Ama-Penetants kanye nama-Wetting Agents

Ama-Penents kanye nama-ejenti wokumanzisa ayizithasiselo ezikhuthaza ukumanziswa okusheshayo kwefayibha noma izindawo zendwangu ngamanzi futhi zenza kube lula ukungena koketshezi esakhiweni se-fiber. Ama-surfactants avumela uketshezi ukuthi lungene noma lusheshise ukungena koketshezi kuzinto eziqinile ezinamazinyo abizwa ngokuthi ama-penets. Ukungena kuncike ekumanzini okwanele okwenzeka kuqala. Ukumanzisa kusho izinga uketshezi olusakazeka ngalo endaweni eqinile lapho luthintana. Ngakho-ke, ama-penetants kanye nama-ejenti wokumanzisa asetshenziswa hhayi kuphela ezinqubweni zokwelashwa zangaphambi kokwelashwa ezifana nokukhipha, ukubilisa, ukwenza i-mercerizing, kanye nokugcoba kodwa futhi kabanzi ezinqubweni zokuphrinta nokuqeda.

Izici ezidingekayo zabangena kanye nama-wetting agents zihlanganisa: 1) ukumelana namanzi aqinile kanye ne-alkali; 2) ikhono eliqinile lokungena ukuze unciphise isikhathi sokucubungula; 3) ukuthuthukiswa okuphawulekayo kwe-capillarity yezindwangu eziphathwe. Ama-Cationic surfactants awafaneleki njengama-ejenti wokumanzisa ngoba angakhanga kumafayibha futhi avimbele ukumanzisa. Ama-surfactants e-Zwitterionic anemikhawulo ethile ekusebenziseni. Ngakho-ke, ama-surfactants asetshenziswa njengama-pensite nama-ejenti wokumanzisa ikakhulukazi ahlanganisa ama-anionic and nonionic surfactants. Ukwengeza, ama-surfactants embonini yendwangu abuye asetshenziswe njengama-ejenti okucwenga, ama-emulsifiers, ama-foaming ejenti, ama-smoothing agents, ama-fixing agents, kanye nezinto ezixosha amanzi.

I-Alkyl polyglucoside (APG) iyi-bio-surfactant ehlanganiswe notshwala obunamafutha emvelo kanye neglucose etholakala ezinsizeni ezivuselelekayo. Iwuhlobo olusha lwe-nonionic surfactant esebenza ngokuningilizayo, ehlanganisa izici zazo zombili izisetshenziswa ezivamile ze-nonionic ne-anionic. Yaziwa emhlabeni wonke njengesisetshenziswa esisebenza ngaphansi "esiluhlaza" esikhethwayo, esibonakala ngomsebenzi ophezulu, ukuphepha okuhle kwemvelo, kanye nokuncibilika.