1. Ukushuba kobuso
Amandla okufinyeza ngobude beyunithi ngayinye endaweni yoketshezi abizwa ngokuthi i-surface tension, ikalwa ngo-N • m-1.
2. Umsebenzi ongaphezulu kanye ne-surfactant
Isakhiwo esinganciphisa ukushuba kwesimo sezinto ezincibilikisayo sibizwa ngokuthi umsebenzi ongaphezulu, futhi izinto ezinomsebenzi ongaphezulu zibizwa ngokuthi izinto ezisebenza phezulu.
I-Surfactant ibhekisela ezintweni ezisebenzayo ezingaphezulu ezingakha ama-micelles nezinye izilinganiso ezixazululweni ezinamanzi, zibe nomsebenzi ophezulu, futhi zibe nokumanzisa, ukufaka ama-emulsifying, ukukhipha amagwebu, ukuwasha, neminye imisebenzi.
3. Izici zesakhiwo se-molecule ye-surfactant
Ama-surfactant ama-organic compounds anezakhiwo ezikhethekile kanye nezakhiwo ezingashintsha ngokuphawulekayo ukungezwani kobuso phakathi kwezigaba ezimbili noma ukushuba kwamanzi oketshezi (imvamisa amanzi), futhi zibe nezakhiwo ezinjengokumanzisa, ukukhihliza amagwebu, ukufakwa kwe-emulsification, nokugeza.
Ngokwesakhiwo, ama-surfactants ahlanganyela isici esivamile sokuqukatha amaqembu amabili ahlukene asebenzayo kuma-molecule awo. Esinye isiphetho yiqembu le-long-chain non-polar elincibilika emafutheni kodwa elingancibiliki emanzini, elaziwa njengeqembu le-hydrophobic noma iqembu le-hydrophobic. Lawa maqembu e-hydrophobic ngokuvamile ama-hydrocarbon ama-long-chain, ngezinye izikhathi futhi i-organic fluorine, i-organosilicon, i-organophosphorus, amaketanga e-organotin, njll. Esinye isiphetho yiqembu elisebenzayo elincibilika emanzini, okuyiqembu le-hydrophilic noma iqembu le-hydrophilic. Iqembu le-hydrophilic kumele libe ne-hydrophilicity eyanele ukuqinisekisa ukuthi yonke i-surfactant iyancibilika emanzini futhi ine-solubility edingekayo. Ngenxa yokuba khona kwamaqembu e-hydrophilic kanye ne-hydrophobic kuma-surfactants, angancibilika okungenani esigabeni esisodwa sesigaba se-liquid. Izakhiwo ze-hydrophilic ne-oleophilic zama-surfactants zibizwa ngokuthi i-amphiphilicity.
4.Izinhlobo zama-surfactants
Ama-surfactants angama-amphiphilic molecule anawo womabili amaqembu e-hydrophobic kanye nama-hydrophilic. Amaqembu e-hydrophobic of surfactants ngokuvamile akhiwa ama-hydrocarbon ane-chain-chain, njenge-alkyl chain C8-C20, iketanga le-alkyl le-alkyl C8-C20, i-alkylphenyl (enama-athomu e-alkyyl carbon angu-8-16), njll. izinhlobo eziningi zamaqembu e-hydrophilic. Ngakho-ke, izakhiwo zama-surfactants ikakhulukazi zihlobene namaqembu e-hydrophilic ngaphezu kobukhulu nokuma kwamaqembu e-hydrophobic. Izinguquko zesakhiwo samaqembu e-hydrophilic zinkulu kunezo zamaqembu e-hydrophobic, ngakho-ke ukuhlukaniswa kwama-surfactants ngokuvamile kusekelwe esakhiweni samaqembu e-hydrophilic. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kusekelwe ikakhulukazi ekutheni amaqembu e-hydrophilic ayi-ionic, awahlukanise abe i-anionic, i-cationic, i-nonionic, i-zwitterionic, nezinye izinhlobo ezikhethekile zama-surfactants.
5. Izici zesixazululo se-aqueous surfactant
① I-Adsorption yama-surfactants ezindaweni zokusebenzelana
Ama-molecule e-surfactant anamaqembu e-lipophilic nama-hydrophilic, awenza ama-amphiphilic molecule. Amanzi awuketshezi olunezingqimba oluqinile. Lapho ama-surfactants encibilika emanzini, ngokusho kwesimiso sokufana kwe-polarity kanye ne-polarity difference repulsion, amaqembu abo e-hydrophilic akhangwa esigabeni samanzi futhi ahlakazeke emanzini, kuyilapho amaqembu abo e-lipophilic exosha amanzi futhi ashiye amanzi. Ngenxa yalokho, ama-molecule e-surfactant (noma ama-ion) akhangisa kusixhumi esibonakalayo phakathi kwezigaba ezimbili, ehlisa ukungezwani kobuso phakathi kwalezi zigaba ezimbili. Uma ama-molecule e-surfactant (noma ama-ion) ekhangisiwe kusixhumi esibonakalayo, kulapho kuncipha khona ukungezwani kobuso.
② Ezinye izici ze-adsorption membrane
Ingcindezi yangaphezulu ye-adsorption membrane: Ama-surfactants adsorb kusixhumi esibonakalayo se-gas-liquid ukuze akhe ulwelwesi lwe-adsorption. Uma ipuleti elintantayo elingenakunyakaziswa libekwe kusixhumi esibonakalayo futhi ipuleti elintantayo lisunduza ulwelwesi lwe-adsorption endaweni yesisombululo, ulwelwesi luba nengcindezi kupuleti elintantayo, elibizwa ngokuthi ukucindezela kwendawo.
I-Surface viscosity: Njengokucindezela kwendawo, i-surface viscosity yindawo evezwa amafilimu amangqamuzana angancibiliki. Misa indandatho yeplatinamu ngocingo oluncane lwensimbi, yenza indiza yayo ixhumane nobuso bamanzi osinki, ujikeleze indandatho yeplatinamu, indandatho yeplatinamu ivinjwa yi-viscosity yamanzi, futhi i-amplitude iyancipha kancane kancane, ngokusho ukuthi i-viscosity yangaphezulu ingalinganiswa. Indlela iwukuthi: qala ngokwenza izivivinyo endaweni ehlanzekile yamanzi, ulinganise ukuncishiswa kwe-amplitude, bese ukala ukuncipha ngemva kokwakhiwa kwemaski yobuso obungaphezulu, bese ubala i-viscosity ye-mask yobuso obungaphezulu ukusuka kumehluko phakathi kwakho kokubili.
I-viscosity yangaphezulu ihlobene eduze nokuqina kwe-mask ebusweni. Njengoba ifilimu ye-adsorption inokucindezela kwendawo kanye ne-viscosity, kufanele ibe nokunwebeka. Ukuphakama kwengcindezi yangaphezulu kanye ne-viscosity ye-adsorption membrane, iba nkulu imodulus yayo enwebekayo. I-elastic modulus yefilimu ye-surface adsorption ibaluleke kakhulu ohlelweni lokuzinza kwegwebu.
③ Ukwakhiwa kwama-micelles
Isixazululo se-dilute sama-surfactants silandela imithetho yezixazululo ezifanele. Inani le-adsorption lama-surfactants ebusweni besisombululo liyakhuphuka ngokugxila kwesisombululo. Uma ukugxilisa ingqondo kufinyelela noma kudlula inani elithile, inani le-adsorption alisakhushuki. Lawa ma-molecule e-surfactant ngokweqile esixazululweni aphazamisekile noma akhona ngendlela evamile. Kokubili umkhuba kanye nethiyori kubonise ukuthi zakha ama-aggregate esixazululweni, abizwa ngokuthi ama-micelles.
I-Critical micelle concentration: Ubuncane bokugxila lapho ama-surfactants akha ama-micelles esixazululweni kuthiwa yi-critical micelle concentration.
④ Inani le-CMC le-surfactant evamile.
6. Inani le-Hydrophilic ne-oleophilic equilibrium
I-HLB imele ibhalansi ye-hydrophilic lipophilic, emele amanani e-hydrophilic kanye ne-lipophilic equilibrium amaqembu e-hydrophilic kanye ne-lipophilic yomuntu osebenza ngaphandle, okungukuthi inani le-HLB lomuntu osebenza ngaphandle kwe-surfactant. Inani eliphakeme le-HLB libonisa i-hydrophilicity eqinile kanye ne-lipophilicity ebuthakathaka ye-molecule; Ngokuphambene nalokho, ine-lipophilicity eqinile kanye ne-hydrophilicity ebuthakathaka.
① Imithetho Yevelu ye-HLB
Inani le-HLB liyivelu ehlobene, ngakho-ke lapho kwenziwa inani le-HLB, njengendinganiso, inani le-HLB likapharafini ngaphandle kwezakhiwo ze-hydrophilic lisethelwe ku-0, kuyilapho inani le-HLB le-sodium dodecyl sulfate ene-solubility yamanzi eqinile isethelwe ku-40. Ngakho-ke, inani le-HLB lama-surfactants ngokuvamile lingaphakathi kwebanga elingu-1-40. Ngokuvamile, ama-emulsifier anamanani e-HLB angaphansi kuka-10 ane-lipophilic, kuyilapho ama-emulsifier anamanani e-HLB angaphezu kuka-10 angama-hydrophilic. Ngakho-ke, ukuguqulwa kusuka ku-lipophilicity kuya ku-hydrophilicity cishe ku-10.
7. Emulsification kanye solubilization imiphumela
Uketshezi olubili olungaguquki, olulodwa olwakhiwe yizinhlayiya ezihlakazayo (amaconsi noma amakristalu awuketshezi) kolunye, lubizwa ngokuthi ama-emulsions. Lapho wenza i-emulsion, indawo ehlangene phakathi koketshezi olubili iyanda, okwenza uhlelo lungazinzi ngokwe-thermodynamic. Ukuzinzisa i-emulsion, ingxenye yesithathu - i-emulsifier - idinga ukwengezwa ukuze kuncishiswe amandla ahlangene wohlelo. Ama-Emulsifiers angawama-surfactants, futhi umsebenzi wawo oyinhloko ukwenza njengama-emulsifiers. Isigaba lapho amaconsi ekhona ku-emulsion sibizwa ngokuthi isigaba esihlakazekile (noma isigaba sangaphakathi, isigaba esingapheli), kanti esinye isigaba esixhunywe ndawonye sibizwa ngokuthi i-dispersed medium (noma isigaba sangaphandle, isigaba esiqhubekayo).
① Ama-Emulsifiers nama-emulsions
Ama-emulsions avamile ahlanganisa isigaba esisodwa samanzi noma isixazululo esinamanzi, kanti esinye isigaba sezinto eziphilayo ezingenakulinganiswa namanzi, njengamafutha, ama-wax, njll. I-emulsion eyakhiwe ngamanzi namafutha ingahlukaniswa ibe izinhlobo ezimbili ngokusekelwe ekuhlakazweni kwabo: amafutha ahlakazekile emanzini akha amanzi emulsion yamafutha, emele i-O / W (amafutha / W (amafutha / W) amanzi ahlakazekile emafutheni akha amanzi ku-emulsion yamafutha, amelelwa yi-W/O (amanzi/amafutha). Ngaphezu kwalokho, amanzi ayinkimbinkimbi emafutheni emanzini i-W/O/W namafutha emanzini emafutheni ama-emulsions e-O/W/O nawo angakheka.
I-emulsifier iqinisa i-emulsion ngokunciphisa ukungezwani kobuso futhi yakhe imaski yobuso ye-monolayer.
Izimfuneko zama-emulsifiers ku-emulsification: a: ama-emulsifiers kufanele akwazi ukukhangisa noma anothisa ukuxhumana phakathi kwezigaba ezimbili, ukunciphisa ukungezwani kobuso; b: Ama-Emulsifiers kufanele anikeze izinhlayiya ukushaja kagesi, okubangela ukudonswa kwe-electrostatic phakathi kwezinhlayiya noma akhe ifilimu ezinzile, evikelayo ebukeka kakhulu ezungeze izinhlayiya. Ngakho-ke, izinto ezisetshenziswa njengama-emulsifiers kufanele zibe namaqembu e-amphiphilic ukuze zibe nemiphumela emulsifying, futhi ama-surfactants angahlangabezana nale mfuneko.
② Izindlela zokulungiselela zama-emulsion nezici ezithinta ukuzinza kwe-emulsion
Kunezindlela ezimbili zokulungiselela ama-emulsions: enye iwukusebenzisa izindlela zemishini ukuze uhlakaze uketshezi lube yizinhlayiya ezincane kolunye uketshezi, oluvame ukusetshenziswa embonini ukulungisa ama-emulsions; Enye indlela ukuncibilikisa uketshezi olusesimweni samangqamuzana kolunye uketshezi bese uluvumela ukuthi luhlangane ngokufanele ukuze lwakhe i-emulsion.
Ukuzinza kwama-emulsion kubhekisela emandleni abo okumelana nokuhlanganiswa kwezinhlayiyana futhi kubangele ukuhlukana kwesigaba. Ama-emulsions amasistimu angazinzi we-thermodynamically anamandla abalulekile amahhala. Ngakho-ke, ukuzinza kwe-emulsion empeleni kubhekisela esikhathini esidingekayo ukuze uhlelo lufinyelele ukulingana, okungukuthi, isikhathi esidingekayo ukuze uketshezi olusesistimu luhlukane.
Uma kunama-molecule e-polar organic afana notshwala obunamafutha, i-fatty acid kanye ne-fatty amine kumaski yobuso, amandla olwelwesi akhula kakhulu. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ama-molecule e-emulsifier akusendlalelo se-adsorption esibonakalayo asebenzisana nama-molecule asezindaweni ezishisayo afana notshwala, i-asidi ne-amine ukuze akhe "inkimbinkimbi", okwandisa amandla esixhumi esibonakalayo semaski yobuso.
Ama-emulsifiers akhiwe ngama-surfactants amabili noma ngaphezulu abizwa ngokuthi ama-emulsifiers axubile. Ama-emulsifiers axubile akhanga kusixhumanisi samanzi/samafutha, futhi ukusebenzisana kwama-intermolecular kungakha izinhlanganisela. Ngenxa yokusebenzelana okuqinile kwama-intermolecular, ukungezwani kobuso kuncipha kakhulu, inani le-emulsifier elikhangiswa kusixhumi esibonakalayo liyakhula kakhulu, futhi ukuminyana namandla emaski yobuso obuhlangene obunjiwe kuyakhuphuka.
Ukukhokhiswa kwamaconsi kunomthelela omkhulu ekuzinzeni kwama-emulsions. Ama-emulsion azinzile ngokuvamile anamaconsi anamacala kagesi. Uma usebenzisa ama-emulsifiers e-ionic, ama-emulsifier ion akhangiswe kusixhumi esibonakalayo afaka amaqembu awo e-lipophilic esigabeni sikawoyela, kuyilapho amaqembu e-hydrophilic esesigabeni samanzi, ngaleyo ndlela enze amaconsi ashajwe. Ngenxa yokuthi amaconsi e-emulsion athwala icala elifanayo, ayaxoshana futhi awahlanganisi kalula, okuholela ekukhuleni kokuqina. Kungabonakala ukuthi lapho ama-ion emulsifier engeziwe ekhangiswa kumaconsi, kuyanda ukushajwa kwawo, namandla awo okuvimbela ukuhlangana kwamaconsi, okwenza uhlelo lwe-emulsion luzinze kakhudlwana.
I-viscosity ye-emulsion dispersion medium inomthelela othile ekuzinzeni kwe-emulsion. Ngokuvamile, ukuphakama kwe-viscosity ye-dispersing medium, kuyanda ukuzinza kwe-emulsion. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi i-viscosity yendawo ehlakazayo iphezulu, okuvimbela kakhulu ukunyakaza kwe-Brownian kwamaconsi oketshezi, ibambezela ukungqubuzana phakathi kwamaconsi, futhi igcine isistimu izinzile. Izinto ze-polymer ezivame ukuncibilika kuma-emulsion zingakhuphula i-viscosity yesistimu futhi zithuthukise ukuzinza kwe-emulsion. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-polymer ingakha futhi imaski yobuso eqinile, okwenza uhlelo lwe-emulsion luzinze.
Kwezinye izimo, ukwengeza i-powder eqinile nakho kungaqinisa i-emulsion. Impushana eqinile ayikho emanzini, emafutheni noma endaweni esibonakalayo, kuye ngekhono lokumanzisa uwoyela namanzi kumpushana oqinile. Uma impushana eqinile ingamanziswanga ngokuphelele ngamanzi futhi ingase imanziswe ngamafutha, izohlala ku-interface kawoyela wamanzi.
Isizathu sokuthi kungani i-powder eqinile ingaqinisi i-emulsion ukuthi i-powder eqoqwe esibonakalayo ayiqinisi imaski yobuso obubonakalayo, efana ne-interface adsorption emulsifier molecules. Ngakho-ke, lapho izinhlayiya ze-powder eziqinile zisondelene zihlelwe ku-interface, i-emulsion izozinza kakhulu.
Ama-surfactants anamandla okwandisa kakhulu ukuncibilika kwezinhlanganisela eziphilayo ezingancibiliki noma ezincibilika kancane emanzini ngemva kokwenza ama-micelles kusisombululo esinamanzi, futhi isixazululo sisobala ngalesi sikhathi. Lo mphumela wama-micelles ubizwa ngokuthi i-solubilization. Ama-surfactants angakhiqiza imiphumela e-solubilizing abizwa ngokuthi ama-solubilizer, kanti ama-organic compounds a-solubilized abizwa ngokuthi ama-solubilized compounds.
8. Igwebu
I-Foam idlala indima ebalulekile ohlelweni lokugeza. Igwebu libhekisela ohlelweni lokuhlakazeka lapho igesi ihlakazwa khona oketshezini noma oluqinile. Igesi yisigaba sokuhlakazwa, futhi uketshezi noma okuqinile kuyisisetshenziswa sokuhlakazeka. Eyokuqala ibizwa ngokuthi igwebu eliwuketshezi, kanti lena yakamuva ibizwa ngegwebu eliqinile, njengepulasitiki eyigwebu, ingilazi yegwebu, usimende wegwebu, njll.
(1) Ukwakhiwa kwegwebu
Igwebu lapha libhekisela ekuhlanganisweni kwamabhamuza ahlukaniswe ifilimu ewuketshezi. Ngenxa yomehluko omkhulu wokuminyana phakathi kwesigaba esihlakazekile (igesi) kanye nendawo ehlakazekile (uketshezi), kanye ne-viscosity ephansi yoketshezi, igwebu lingakhuphuka njalo lifinyelele ezingeni likaketshezi ngokushesha.
Inqubo yokwenza igwebu iwukuletha inani elikhulu legesi oketshezini, futhi amabhamuza akuketshezi abuyele endaweni ewuketshezi ngokushesha, enze i-bubble aggregate ehlukaniswe inani elincane loketshezi negesi.
Igwebu linezici ezimbili eziphawulekayo ku-morphology: enye iwukuthi amabhamuza njengesigaba esihlakazekile ngokuvamile ane-polyhedral, ngoba ezimpambanweni zamabhamuza, kukhona ukuthambekela kokuthi ifilimu ewuketshezi ibe mncane, okwenza amabhamuza abe yi-polyhedral. Lapho ifilimu ye-liquid iba mncane ngokwezinga elithile, ama-bubbles azophuka; Okwesibili, uketshezi oluhlanzekile alukwazi ukwakha igwebu elizinzile, kodwa uketshezi olungakha igwebu okungenani izingxenye ezimbili noma ngaphezulu. Isixazululo esinamanzi se-surfactant siwuhlelo olujwayelekile olulula ukwenza igwebu, futhi ikhono layo lokukhiqiza igwebu lihlobene nezinye izakhiwo.
Ama-surfactants anekhono elihle lokugwedla abizwa ngokuthi ama-foaming agents. Nakuba i-ejenti enegwebu inekhono elihle le-foam, i-foam eyakhiwe ingase ingakwazi ukuyigcina isikhathi eside, okungukuthi, ukuzinza kwayo kungase kungabi kuhle. Ukuze kugcinwe ukuzinza kwegwebu, into engandisa ukuzinza kwegwebu ivame ukungezwa ku-ejenti enegwebu, ebizwa ngokuthi i-foam stabilizer. Iziqinisi zegwebu ezisetshenziswa kakhulu yi-lauroyl diethanolamine ne-dodecyl dimethyl amine oxide.
(2) Ukuzinza kwegwebu
Igwebu liwuhlelo olungazinzile lwe-thermodynamically, futhi inkambiso yokugcina ukuthi ingqikithi yendawo yoketshezi ohlelweni iyancipha futhi amandla amahhala ayancipha ngemva kokuphuka kwebhamuza. Inqubo yokukhipha amagwebu inqubo lapho ifilimu ewuketshezi ehlukanisa igesi ishintsha ukushuba ize iqhume. Ngakho-ke, ukuzinza kwegwebu kunqunywa ngokuyinhloko ijubane lokukhishwa kwe-liquid namandla efilimu ye-liquid. Kunezinye izici eziningana ezinethonya.
① Ukushuba kwendawo
Ngokombono wamandla, ukungezwani okuphansi kwendawo kulungele ukwakheka kwegwebu, kodwa akukwazi ukuqinisekisa ukuzinza kwegwebu. Ukuqina okuphansi kwendawo, umehluko wengcindezi ephansi, ijubane lokuphuma kancane koketshezi, kanye nokuncipha kwefilimu yoketshezi olunensayo kunomthelela ekuzinzeni kwegwebu.
② I-viscosity yobuso
Isici esibalulekile esinquma ukuzinza kwegwebu amandla efilimu ewuketshezi, enqunywa ngokuyinhloko ukuqina kwefilimu ye-adsorption engaphezulu, elinganiswa nge-viscosity yangaphezulu. Ukuhlola kubonisa ukuthi igwebu elikhiqizwe isixazululo esine-viscosity ephakeme kakhulu linokuphila okude. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ukuxhumana phakathi kwama-molecule e-adsorbed ebusweni kuholela ekwandeni kwamandla olwelwesi, ngaleyo ndlela kuthuthukise impilo yegwebu.
③ Isixazululo se-viscosity
Lapho i-viscosity ye-liquid ngokwayo ikhula, i-liquid efilimini ye-liquid akulula ukuyikhipha, futhi ijubane lokunciphisa ifilimu ye-liquid liyancipha, okubambezela isikhathi sokuphuka kwefilimu ye-liquid futhi kwandise ukuzinza kwegwebu.
④ Umthelela 'wokulungisa' wokudonsa phezulu
Ama-surfactants adsorbed phezu kwefilimu ewuketshezi anamandla okumelana nokunwetshwa noma ukufinyela kwendawo yefilimu ewuketshezi, esibhekisela kuyo njengomphumela wokulungisa. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi kunefilimu ewuketshezi yama-surfactants akhangiswa phezulu, futhi ukwandisa indawo yayo kuzonciphisa ukugcwala kwama-molecule adsorbed futhi kwandise ukungezwani kwendawo. Ukwandisa indawo ngaphezulu kuzodinga umzamo omkhulu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuncipha kwendawo engaphezulu kuzokhuphula ukugcwala kwama-molecule adsorbed endaweni, kunciphise ukushuba kwendawo futhi kuvimbele ukushwabana okwengeziwe.
⑤ Ukusatshalaliswa kwegesi ngefilimu ewuketshezi
Ngenxa yokuba khona komfutho we-capillary, ukucindezela kwamabhamuza amancane kugwebu kuphakeme kunamabhamuza amakhulu, okuzokwenza ukuthi igesi emabhamuzeni amancane isakazeke emabhamuzeni amakhulu anomfutho ophansi ngefilimu ewuketshezi, okuholela esimweni sokuthi amabhamuza amancane abe mancane, amabhamuza amakhulu abe makhudlwana, futhi ekugcineni amagwebu aqhume. Uma i-surfactant ingeziwe, igwebu liyoba iyunifomu futhi liminyene lapho ligwebu, futhi akulula ukulikhipha. Njengoba i-surfactant ihlelwe eduze kwefilimu ye-liquid, kunzima ukukhipha umoya, okwenza igwebu liqine.
⑥ Umthelela wokushaja okungaphezulu
Uma ifilimu ye-foam liquid ikhokhiswa uphawu olufanayo, izindawo ezimbili zefilimu ewuketshezi zizoxoshana, zivimbele ifilimu ye-liquid ekunciphiseni noma ngisho nokubhujiswa. Ama-surfactants e-Ionic anganikeza lo mphumela wokuzinzisa.
Ekuphetheni, amandla efilimu ye-liquid iyisici esiyinhloko sokunquma ukuzinza kwegwebu. Njengesengezo sezinto ezikhipha amagwebu neziqinisa igwebu, ukuqina nokuqina kwama-molecule adsorbed angaphezulu yizinto ezibaluleke kakhulu. Lapho ukusebenzisana phakathi kwama-athomu adsorbed ebusweni kunamandla, ama-athomu adsorbed ahlelwe eduze, angenzi nje kuphela imaski yobuso ngokwayo ibe namandla aphezulu, kodwa futhi kwenza isisombululo esiseduze ne-mask yobuso bube nzima ukugeleza ngenxa ye-viscosity ephezulu, ngakho-ke kuba nzima kakhulu ukuthi ifilimu ye-liquid idonse kalula, futhi ukushuba kwefilimu yoketshezi. Ukwengeza, ama-molecule angaphezulu ahlelwe eduze anganciphisa futhi ukungena kwama-molecule egesi futhi ngaleyo ndlela andise ukuzinza kwegwebu.
(3) Ukubhujiswa kwegwebu
Isimiso esiyisisekelo sokubhubhisa igwebu ukushintsha izimo zokukhiqiza igwebu noma ukuqeda izici zokuzinza kwegwebu, ngakho-ke kunezindlela ezimbili zokuqeda amagwebu, ngokomzimba namakhemikhali.
Ukukhipha amagwebu ngokomzimba ukushintsha izimo lapho igwebu likhiqizwa khona ngenkathi kugcinwa ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali esixazululo segwebu kungashintshiwe. Isibonelo, ukuphazamiseka kwamandla angaphandle, izinga lokushisa noma ukucindezela ukushintsha kanye nokwelashwa kwe-ultrasonic zonke izindlela ezisebenzayo zomzimba zokuqeda igwebu.
Indlela yokukhipha amagwebu ngamakhemikhali iwukwengeza izinto ezithile ukuze uxhumane ne-ejenti enegwebu, unciphise amandla efilimu ewuketshezi egwebu, bese unciphisa ukuzinza kwegwebu ukuze kuzuzwe injongo yokukhipha amagwebu. Izinto ezinjalo zibizwa ngokuthi ama-defoamers. Ama-defoamers amaningi angama-surfactants. Ngakho-ke, ngokuya ngendlela yokukhipha amagwebu, ama-defoamers kufanele abe namandla aqinile okunciphisa ukushuba kwendawo, akhangiswe kalula phezulu, futhi abe nokusebenzisana okubuthakathaka phakathi kwama-molecule adsorbed, okuholela ekuhlelweni okuxekethile okuxekethile kwama-molecule adsorbed.
Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zama-defoamers, kodwa iningi lawo lingama-non-ionic surfactants. Ama-non-ionic surfactants anezindawo zokulwa namagwebu eduze noma ngaphezulu kwendawo yawo yamafu futhi avame ukusetshenziswa njengama-defoam. Utshwala, ikakhulukazi lezo ezinezakhiwo zamagatsha, ama-fatty acids nama-esters, ama-polyamides, ama-phosphates, amafutha e-silicone, njll., nawo avame ukusetshenziswa njengama-defoamers amahle kakhulu.
(4) Igwebu nokugeza
Abukho ubuhlobo obuqondile phakathi kwegwebu nomphumela wokugeza, futhi inani legwebu alisho ukuthi umphumela wokugeza muhle noma mubi. Isibonelo, ukusebenza okunegwebu kwama-non-ionic surfactants kuphansi kakhulu kunensipho, kodwa amandla abo okuhlanza angcono kakhulu kunensipho.
Kwezinye izimo, igwebu liyasiza ekususeni ukungcola. Isibonelo, lapho ugeza i-tableware ekhaya, i-foam ye-detergent ingathatha amaconsi kawoyela ahlanjwe phansi; Uma ukhuhla ukhaphethi, igwebu lisiza ukususa ukungcola okuqinile njengothuli nempushana. Ngaphezu kwalokho, igwebu ngezinye izikhathi lingasetshenziswa njengesibonakaliso sokuthi i-detergent iyasebenza, ngoba ama-fatty stains angavimbela i-foam ye-detergent. Uma kunamabala kawoyela amaningi kakhulu futhi okokuhlanza okuncane kakhulu, ngeke kube khona igwebu noma igwebu lokuqala lizonyamalala. Kwesinye isikhathi, igwebu lingasetshenziswa njengenkomba yokuthi ukugeza kuhlanzekile yini. Ngenxa yokuthi inani legwebu esixazululweni sokuwasha livame ukuncipha ngokuncipha kokuqukethwe okokuhlanza, izinga lokuwasha lingahlolwa ngenani legwebu.
9. Inqubo yokugeza
Ngomqondo obanzi, ukugeza kuyinqubo yokukhipha izingxenye ezingafuneki entweni egezwayo nokufeza injongo ethile. Ukugeza ngomqondo ojwayelekile kubhekisela enqubweni yokukhipha ukungcola ebusweni besithwali. Ngesikhathi sokugeza, ukusebenzisana phakathi kokungcola nesithwali kuba buthaka noma kuqedwe ngokusebenza kwezinye izinto zamakhemikhali (njengezinto zokuhlanza), ukuguqula inhlanganisela yokungcola nesithwali kube inhlanganisela yokungcola nesihlanzi, ekugcineni kubangele ukuthi ukungcola nesithwali kuhlukane. Njengoba izinto okufanele zigezwe kanye nokungcola okufanele kukhishwe kuhlukahlukene, ukugeza kuyinqubo eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, futhi inqubo eyisisekelo yokugeza ingamelwa ubuhlobo obulandelayo obulula.
Isithwali • Ukungcola+Isihlanzi=Isithwali+Ukungcola • Okokugeza
Inqubo yokugeza ngokuvamile ingahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezimbili: enye ukuhlukaniswa kokungcola kanye nomthwali wayo ngaphansi kwesenzo se-detergent; Okwesibili ukuthi ukungcola okuhlukanisiwe kuyahlakazwa futhi kumiswe phakathi nendawo. Inqubo yokuwasha iyinqubo ebuyiseleka emuva, futhi ukungcola okuhlakazekile noma okulengisiwe phakathi nendawo kungase kuphinde kuginqike kusuka endaweni kuya elondolo. Ngakho-ke, okokuhlanza okuhle kakhulu akufanele nje kube nekhono lokukhipha ukungcola kumthwali, kodwa futhi ube nekhono elihle lokuhlakaza nokumisa ukungcola, futhi uvimbele ukungcola ukuthi kungabeki futhi.
(1) Izinhlobo zokungcola
Ngisho nangento efanayo, uhlobo, ukwakheka, kanye nenani lokungcola kuzohluka kuye ngendawo yokusetshenziswa. Ukungcola komzimba kawoyela ikakhulukazi kuhlanganisa amafutha ezilwane nemifino, kanye namafutha amaminerali (afana nowoyela ongahluziwe, uwoyela wokubasa, itiyela lamalahle, njll.), kuyilapho ukungcola okuqinile kufaka phakathi intuthu, uthuli, ukugqwala, i-carbon black, njll. Ngokuphathelene nokungcola kwezingubo, kukhona ukungcola okuvela emzimbeni womuntu, okufana nomjuluko, i-sebum, igazi, njll; Ukungcola okuvela ekudleni, njengamabala ezithelo, amabala kawoyela adliwayo, amabala esinongo, isitashi, njll; Ukungcola okulethwa izimonyo, njenge-lipstick ne-nail polish; Ukungcola okuvela emkhathini, njengentuthu, uthuli, inhlabathi, njll; Ezinye izinto ezifana noyinki, itiye, upende, njll. Kungashiwo ukuthi kunezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene futhi ezihlukahlukene.
Izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zokungcola ngokuvamile zingahlukaniswa zibe izigaba ezintathu: ukungcola okuqinile, ukungcola okuwuketshezi, nokungcola okukhethekile.
① Ukungcola okuqinile okujwayelekile kufaka izinhlayiya ezifana nomlotha, udaka, inhlabathi, ukugqwala, nokumnyama kwekhabhoni. Eziningi zalezi zinhlayiya zineshaja engaphezulu, ikakhulukazi engeyinhle, futhi zikhangiswa kalula ezintweni ezine-fibrous. Ngokuvamile, ukungcola okuqinile kunzima ukukuncibilika emanzini, kodwa kungahlakazwa futhi kumiswe izixazululo zokuhlanza. Ukungcola okuqinile okunezinhlayiya ezincane kunzima ukukususa.
② Ukungcola okuwuketshezi kuvame ukuncibilika kuwoyela, okuhlanganisa amafutha ezilwane nemifino, ama-acid anamafutha, uphuzo oludakayo, uwoyela wamaminerali, nama-oxides awo. Phakathi kwazo, amafutha ezilwane nemifino kanye nama-acids anamafutha angakwazi ukungena kwi-saponification nge-alkali, kuyilapho ama-alcohols anamafutha namafutha amaminerali angenwa saponified nge-alkali, kodwa angancibilika kuma-alcohols, ethers, nama-hydrocarbon organic solvents, futhi afakwe emulsified futhi ahlakazwe yi-detergent aqueous solutions. Ukungcola okuwuketshezi oluncibilika ku-oyela ngokuvamile kunamandla okusebenzelana anamandla nezinto ezine-fibrous kanye nezikhangisi eziqinile kumafayibha.
③ Ukungcola okukhethekile kuhlanganisa amaprotheni, isitashi, igazi, uketshezi lomuntu okufana nomjuluko, i-sebum, umchamo, kanye nejusi yezithelo, ijusi yetiye, njll. Iningi lalezi zinhlobo zokungcola zingakhanga kakhulu ezintweni ezine-fibrous ngokusebenzisa amakhemikhali. Ngakho-ke, ukuwasha kunzima kakhulu.
Izinhlobo ezahlukene zokungcola azivamile ukuba khona zodwa, ngokuvamile zixutshwe ndawonye futhi zikhangiswe ndawonye ezintweni. Ukungcola kwesinye isikhathi kungakhipha i-oxidize, ukubola, noma ukubola ngaphansi kwamathonya angaphandle, okuholela ekwakhekeni kokungcola okusha.
(2) Umphumela wokunamathela wokungcola
Isizathu sokuthi kungani izingubo, izandla, njll. zingangcola ingoba kukhona uhlobo oluthile lokusebenzelana phakathi kwezinto nokungcola. Kunemiphumela ehlukahlukene yokunamathela yokungcola ezintweni, kodwa ikakhulukazi ukunamathela ngokomzimba nokunamathela kwamakhemikhali.
① Ukunamathela ngokomzimba komlotha kagwayi, uthuli, inzika, i-carbon black, nezinye izinto ezingutsheni. Ngokuvamile, ukuxhumana phakathi kokungcola okunamathelayo kanye nento engcolile kubuthakathaka, futhi ukususwa kokungcola nakho kulula. Ngokusho kwamandla ahlukene, ukunamathela ngokomzimba kokungcola kungahlukaniswa ukunamathela komshini kanye nokunamathela kwe-electrostatic.
A: Ukunamathela komshini ngokuyinhloko kubhekisela ekunamatheleni kokungcola okuqinile njengothuli nenhlabathi. Ukunamathela ngomshini kuyindlela yokunamathela ebuthakathaka yokungcola, engacishe isuswe ngezindlela ezilula zemishini. Kodwa-ke, lapho ubukhulu bezinhlayiya zokungcola buncane (<0.1um), kuba nzima kakhulu ukususa.
B: Ukunamathela kwe-Electrostatic kubonakala ngokuyinhloko isenzo sezinhlayiya zokungcola ezikhokhisiwe ezintweni ezinezindleko eziphambene. Izinto eziningi ezine-fibrous zithwala i-negative charge emanzini futhi zibambelela kalula kukho ukungcola okufakwe amandla afana nomcako. Okunye ukungcola, nakuba kufakwe icala elibi, njengezinhlayiya zekhabhoni ezimnyama ezixazululweni ezinamanzi, zinganamathela emicu ngamabhuloho e-ion akhiwe ama-ion aqondile (afana ne-Ca2+, Mg2+, njll.) emanzini (ama-ions asebenza ndawonye phakathi kwamashaji amaningi aphikisanayo, asebenza njengamabhuloho).
Ugesi omile unamandla kunesenzo esilula somshini, okwenza kube nzima ukususa ukungcola.
③ Ukususwa kokungcola okukhethekile
Amaprotheni, isitashi, uketshezi lwabantu, ijusi yezithelo, ijusi yetiye nezinye izinhlobo zokungcola kunzima ukususa ngama-surfactants ajwayelekile futhi kudinga izindlela zokwelapha ezikhethekile.
Amabala amaprotheni afana nokhilimu, amaqanda, igazi, ubisi, kanye nendle yesikhumba athambekele ekuhlanganeni kanye nokuphuma kwe-denaturation kumafayibha, futhi anamathela ngokuqinile. Ngokonakala kwamaprotheni, i-protease ingasetshenziswa ukuyisusa. I-protease ingakwazi ukwephula amaprotheni okungcola abe ama-amino acid ancibilikayo emanzini noma ama-oligopeptides.
Amabala esitashi avela ikakhulukazi ekudleni, kanti amanye anjengamajusi enyama, unamathisele, njll. Ama-enzyme esitashi anomphumela okhuthazayo ku-hydrolysis yamabala esitashi, ehlephula isitashi sibe ushukela.
I-Lipase ingabangela ukubola kwamanye ama-triglycerides okunzima ukuwakhipha ngezindlela ezivamile, njenge-sebum ekhiqizwe umzimba womuntu, amafutha adliwayo, njll., ukudiliza ama-triglycerides abe i-glycerol encibilikayo nama-fatty acids.
Amanye amabala anemibala evela kujusi yezithelo, ijusi yetiye, uyinki, i-lipstick, njll. ngokuvamile kunzima ukuwahlanza kahle ngisho nangemva kokugeza okuphindaphindiwe. Lolu hlobo lwebala lungasuswa ukusabela kokunciphisa i-oxidation kusetshenziswa ama-oxidant noma ama-ejenti anciphisayo afana ne-bleach, ediliza ukwakheka kwamaqembu e-chromophore noma e-chromophore futhi alulaze abe izingxenye ezincane ezincibilika emanzini.
Ngokombono wokuhlanza okomile, cishe kunezinhlobo ezintathu zokungcola.
① Ukungcola okuncibilika ku-oyela kufaka phakathi amafutha namafutha ahlukahlukene, anguketshezi noma anamafutha futhi ancibilika kuzihlambululi zokuhlanza ezomile.
② Ukungcola okuncibilika emanzini kuyancibilika kusisombululo esinamanzi, kodwa akuncibiliki kuma-ejenti okuhlanza okomile. Ikhanga ezingutsheni ngendlela yesisombululo esinamanzi, futhi ngemva kokuba amanzi ehwamukile, okuqinile okuyimbudumbudu njengosawoti we-inorganic, isitashi, amaprotheni, njll.
③ Ukungcola okungancibiliki kwamanzi kawoyela akuncibiliki kukho kokubili izincibilikisi zamanzi nezomile zokuhlanza, njengekhabhoni emnyama, ama-silicate ensimbi ahlukahlukene, nama-oxide.
Ngenxa yezakhiwo ezahlukene zezinhlobo ezahlukene zokungcola, kunezindlela ezahlukene zokususa ukungcola phakathi nenqubo yokuhlanza okomile. Ukungcola okuncibilika kuwoyela, okufana namafutha ezilwane nemifino, amafutha amaminerali, namafutha, kuncibilika kalula kuzincibilikisi zemvelo futhi kungasuswa kalula ngesikhathi sokuhlanza okomile. Ukuncibilika okuhle kakhulu kwezinyibilikisi zokuhlanza okomile zikawoyela namafutha kubangelwa amandla e-van der Waals phakathi kwama-molecule.
Ukuze kukhishwe ukungcola okuncibilika emanzini okufana nosawoti we-inorganic, ushukela, amaprotheni, umjuluko, njll., kuyadingeka futhi ukwengeza inani elifanele lamanzi ku-ejenti yokuhlanza okomile, ngaphandle kwalokho ukungcola okuncibilika emanzini kunzima ukukususa ezingutsheni. Kodwa amanzi kunzima ukuhlakazeka kuma-ejenti okuhlanza okomile, ngakho-ke ukwandisa inani lamanzi, ama-surfactants adinga ukungezwa. Amanzi akhona kuma-ejenti okuhlanza okomile angakwazi ukufaka amanzi angcolile kanye nengaphezulu lezingubo, okwenza kube lula ukuxhumana namaqembu e-polar of surfactants, okuzuzisa ukukhanyiswa kwama-surfactants phezulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapho ama-surfactants enza ama-micelles, ukungcola namanzi okuncibilika emanzini kungancibilika kuma-micelles. Ama-surfactants awakwazi nje ukwandisa okuqukethwe kwamanzi kuzihlanzi zokuhlanza ezomile, kodwa futhi avimbele ukubekwa kabusha kokungcola ukuze kuthuthukiswe umphumela wokuhlanza.
Ukuba khona kwamanzi amancane kuyadingeka ukuze kukhishwe ukungcola okuncibilika emanzini, kodwa amanzi amaningi angabangela ezinye izingubo ukuba ziwohloke, zishwabane, njll., ngakho-ke okuqukethwe kwamanzi kumshini wokuhlanza owomile kufanele kube okulinganiselwe.
Izinhlayiya eziqinile ezinjengomlotha, udaka, inhlabathi, nekhabhoni emnyama, engancibiliki emanzini noma engancibiliki uwoyela, ngokuvamile inamathela engutsheni nge-electrostatic adsorption noma ngokuhlanganisa namabala kawoyela. Ekuhlanzeni okomile, ukugeleza kanye nomthelela we-solvents kungabangela ukungcola okukhangiswa amandla e-electrostatic ukuwa, kuyilapho ama-ejenti okuhlanza okomile angancibilikisa amabala kawoyela, okubangela izinhlayiya eziqinile ezihlangana namabala kawoyela futhi zinamathele ezingutsheni ukuba ziwe kusukela ku-ejenti yokuhlanza okomile. Amanzi amancane nama-surfactants ku-ejenti yokuhlanza okomile angamisa ngokuzinza futhi ahlakaze izinhlayiya zokungcola okuqinile eziwayo, zivimbele ukuthi zingaphinde zifake ezingutsheni.
(5) Izinto ezithinta umphumela wokuwasha
I-adsorption eqondisayo yama-surfactants kusixhumi esibonakalayo kanye nokunciphisa ukungezwani kwendawo (okuhlangene ubuso) yizici eziyinhloko zokususwa kokungcola okuwuketshezi noma okuqinile. Kodwa inqubo yokugeza iyinkimbinkimbi, futhi ngisho nomphumela wokuwasha wohlobo olufanayo lwe-detergent uthintwa ezinye izici eziningi. Lezi zici zifaka phakathi ukugcwala kwe-detergent, izinga lokushisa, imvelo yokungcola, uhlobo lwefiber, kanye nesakhiwo sendwangu.
① Ukugxila kwama-surfactants
Ama-micelles ama-surfactants esixazululweni adlala indima ebalulekile enqubweni yokuwasha. Lapho ukugxila kufinyelela ekugxilweni okubalulekile kwe-micelle (cmc), umphumela wokugeza ukhuphuka kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, ukugxiliswa komshini wokuhlanza ku-solvent kufanele kube ngaphezu kwevelu ye-CMC ukuze kuzuzwe umphumela omuhle wokuwasha. Kodwa-ke, lapho ukugcwala kwama-surfactants kudlula inani le-CMC, umphumela wokuwasha okhulayo uba kancane kakhulu, futhi ukwanda ngokweqile kokugxiliswa kwe-surfactant akudingekile.
Uma usebenzisa i-solubilization ukususa amabala kawoyela, ngisho noma ukugxiliswa kungaphezu kwevelu ye-CMC, umphumela wokuxazululeka usakhula ngokwanda kokugxiliswa kwe-surfactant. Ngalesi sikhathi, kunconywa ukusebenzisa okokuhlanza endaweni, njengaku-cuffs kanye namakholomu ezingubo lapho kunokungcola okuningi. Lapho ugeza, ungqimba lwe-detergent lungasetshenziswa kuqala ukuze kuthuthukiswe umphumela we-solubilization wama-surfactants kumabala kawoyela.
② Izinga lokushisa linomthelela omkhulu emthelela wokuhlanza. Sekukonke, ukwandisa izinga lokushisa kunenzuzo ekususeni ukungcola, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi izinga lokushisa elidlulele lingase libangele izici ezimbi.
Ukwenyuka kwezinga lokushisa kunenzuzo ekusakazeni ukungcola. Amabala kawoyela aqinile afakwa kalula emulsified lapho izinga lokushisa lingaphezu kwendawo yawo yokuncibilika, futhi imicu ibuye ikhulise izinga layo lokunwebeka ngenxa yokwanda kwezinga lokushisa. Lezi zici zonke zinenzuzo ekususeni ukungcola. Kodwa-ke, ezindwangu eziqinile, izikhala ezincane phakathi kwemicu ziyancishiswa ngemva kokunwetshwa kwefayibha, okungahambisani nokukhishwa kokungcola.
Ukushintsha kwezinga lokushisa kuphinde kuthinte ukunyibilika, inani le-CMC, nosayizi we-micelle wama-surfactants, ngaleyo ndlela kuthinte umphumela wokuwasha. Ama-surfactants e-carbon chain amade anokuncibilika okuphansi emazingeni okushisa aphansi, futhi kwesinye isikhathi ngisho nokuncibilika okuphansi kunevelu ye-CMC. Kulokhu, izinga lokushisa lokugeza kufanele lenyuke ngokufanele. Umthelela wezinga lokushisa kunani le-CMC kanye nosayizi we-micelle uhlukile kuma-ionic nama-non-ionic surfactants. Kuma-surfactants e-ionic, ukwenyuka kwezinga lokushisa ngokuvamile kuholela ekwenyukeni kwevelu ye-CMC kanye nokuncipha kosayizi we-micelle. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukuhlushwa kwama-surfactants kufanele kwandiswe kusixazululo sokugeza. Kuma-surfactants angewona ama-ionic, izinga lokushisa elikhulayo liholela ekwehleni kwevelu yawo ye-CMC kanye nokwenyuka okuphawulekayo kosayizi wabo we-micelle. Kungabonakala ukuthi ukukhulisa izinga lokushisa ngokufanelekile kungasiza ama-surfactants angewona ama-ionic enze umsebenzi wawo ongaphezulu. Kodwa izinga lokushisa akufanele lidlule iphuzu layo lefu.
Ngamafuphi, izinga lokushisa elifanele kakhulu lokugeza lihlobene nefomula ye-detergent kanye nento ewashwayo. Ezinye izinto zokuhlanza zinemiphumela emihle yokuhlanza ekamelweni lokushisa, kuyilapho ezinye izinto zokuhlanza zinemiphumela ehluke kakhulu yokuhlanza yokugeza okubandayo nokushisayo.
③ Igwebu
Abantu bavame ukudida ikhono lokukhihliza amagwebu nomphumela wokuwasha, bekholelwa ukuthi okokuhlanza okunamandla okugwaza amagwebu kunemiphumela engcono yokuwasha. Imiphumela ibonisa ukuthi umphumela wokugeza awuhlobene ngokuqondile nenani le-foam. Isibonelo, ukusebenzisa okokugeza okunamagwebu aphansi ekuwasheni akunawo umthelela omubi wokuwasha kunomshini wokuwasha onegwebu eliphezulu.
Nakuba igwebu lingahlobene ngokuqondile nokugeza, igwebu lisasiza ukususa ukungcola kwezinye izimo. Isibonelo, igwebu le-washing liquid lingathwala amaconsi kawoyela lapho ugeza izitsha ngesandla. Lapho ukhuhla umata, igwebu lingase futhi lisuse izinhlayiya zokungcola okuqinile njengothuli. Uthuli lubangela ingxenye enkulu yokungcola kukakhaphethi, ngakho isicoci sekhaphethi kufanele sibe nekhono elithile lokugwebu.
Amandla ogwebu nawo abalulekile ku-shampoo. Igwebu elihle elikhiqizwa uketshezi lapho ugeza izinwele noma ugeza lenza abantu bazizwe bekhululekile.
④ Izinhlobo zemicu kanye nezakhiwo ezibonakalayo zezindwangu
Ngaphandle kwesakhiwo samakhemikhali sezintambo ezithinta ukunamathela nokususwa kokungcola, ukubonakala kwezintambo kanye nesakhiwo senhlangano yezintambo nezindwangu nakho kunomthelela ebunzimeni bokukhipha ukungcola.
Izikali zemicu yoboya kanye nomugqa oyisicaba njengesakhiwo semicu kakotini kujwayele ukunqwabelana ukungcola kunemicu ebushelelezi. Isibonelo, i-carbon black enamathela kwifilimu ye-cellulose (ifilimu yokunamathisela) kulula ukuyisusa, kuyilapho i-carbon black enamathele endwangu kakotini kunzima ukuyigeza. Isibonelo, izindwangu ze-polyester ezimfishane ze-fiber zivame ukuqongelela amabala kawoyela kunezindwangu ezinde ze-fiber, futhi amabala kawoyela ezindwangu ze-fiber emifushane nawo anzima kakhulu ukuwasusa kunalawo asezindwangu ezinde ze-fiber.
Izintambo ezisontekile eziqinile kanye nezindwangu eziqinile, ngenxa yezikhala ezincane ezincane phakathi kwemicu, zingamelana nokuhlasela kokungcola, kodwa futhi zivimbele isisombululo sokuhlanza ekususeni ukungcola kwangaphakathi. Ngakho-ke, izindwangu eziqinile zinokumelana okuhle nokungcola ekuqaleni, kodwa futhi kunzima ukuzihlanza uma zingcolile.
⑤ Ubulukhuni bamanzi
Ukugxiliswa kwama-ion ensimbi afana ne-Ca2+ kanye ne-Mg2+ emanzini kunomthelela obalulekile kumthelela wokuwasha, ikakhulukazi lapho abenzi be-anionic surfactants behlangana ne-Ca2+ kanye ne-Mg2+ion ukuze benze usawoti we-calcium ne-magnesium ongancibiliki kahle, onganciphisa ikhono lawo lokuhlanza. Noma ngabe ukugcwala kwama-surfactants kuphezulu emanzini aqinile, umphumela wawo wokuhlanza usemubi kakhulu kune-distillation. Ukuze kuzuzwe umphumela omuhle kakhulu wokugeza wama-surfactants, ukuhlushwa kwe-Ca2 + ion emanzini kufanele kuncishiswe kube ngaphansi kwe-1 × 10-6mol/L (i-CaCO3 kufanele yehliswe ibe yi-0.1mg/L). Lokhu kudinga ukwengeza izinto ezithambisa ezinhlobonhlobo ku-detergent.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Aug-16-2024