1. Ukungezwani komhlaba
Amandla we-Confraction ubude beyunithi ebusweni boketshezi abizwa ngokuthi ukungezwani komhlaba, alinganiswe ku-N • m-1.
2. Umsebenzi ongaphezulu kanye nokuxhamazela
Impahla enganciphisa ukungezwani okuphezulu kwama-solvents ibizwa ngokuthi yi-surce finct, kanye nezinto ezinomsebenzi ongaphezulu zibizwa ngokuthi izinto ezisebenzayo.
I-Surfactant ibhekisa ezintweni ezisebenza kahle ezingakha ama-Micelles nezinye izihlanganisi ezixazululweni zamanzi, zinomsebenzi ophakeme, futhi zinamanzi, futhi zinamanzi, amagwebu, ukugeza, neminye imisebenzi.
3
I-Surfactant iyizinhlanganisela ze-organic ezinezakhiwo ezikhethekile nezakhiwo ezingaguqula kakhulu ukungezwani phakathi kwezigaba ezimbili noma ukungezwani koketshezi (imvamisa yamanzi), futhi ube nezakhiwo ezifana nokugeza, nokugeza, kanye nokugeza.
Ngokukhuluma kahle, ama-surcactants ahlanganyela isimilo esijwayelekile sokuba namaqembu amabili ahlukene ahlukene kuma-molecule abo. Elinye isiphetho yiqembu elingelona elingelona i-polar elincibilikayo emafutheni kodwa lingena ngaphakathi emanzini, elaziwa njengeqembu le-hydrophobic noma iqembu le-hydrophobic. Lawa maqembu e-hydrophobic ngokuvamile ahlala ama-hydrocarbons amade, kwesinye isikhathi futhi i-organic fluorine, i-orgoosilicon, i-orgasindophosphorus, amaketanga we-organin, enye indawo, njll. Okunye ukuphela kweqembu le-hydrophilic noma iqembu le-hydrophilic. Iqembu le-hydrophilic kumele libe ne-hydrophicicity eyanele yokuqinisekisa ukuthi yonke into esetshenziswayo iyancibilika emanzini futhi ine-solubity edingekayo. Ngenxa yokuba khona kwamaqembu ama-hydrophilic ne-hydrophobic ezihlokweni, angancibilikisa okungenani esigabeni esisodwa sesigaba se-liquid. Izakhiwo ze-hydrophilic ne-oleophilic ze-surfilic zibizwa ngokuthi i-Amphilicicity.
Ama-4.types of surficants
Ama-Surfactants angama-aphphiphilic molecule anamaqembu we-hydrophobic kanye nama-hydrophilic. Amaqembu we-hydrophobic asetshenziswa ngokuvamile akhiwa ngama-hydrocarbons amade, anjenge-alyl c8-C20 eqondile, i-alkylphenyl ama-hydrophobic amaketanga amaketanga amaketanga amakhethini e-carbon, ngenkathi kunezinhlobo eziningi ze Amaqembu we-Hydrophilic. Ngakho-ke, izakhiwo ze-surfactants zihlobene kakhulu namaqembu we-hydrophilic ngaphezu kosayizi kanye nokwakheka kwamaqembu e-hydrophobic. Izinguquko ezihlelekile zamaqembu e-hydrophilic zinkulu kunalezo zamaqembu we-hydrophobic, ngakho-ke ukuhlukaniswa kwezisulu kuvame ngokuya ngesakhiwo samaqembu ama-hydrophilic. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kususelwa ikakhulu ekutheni amaqembu e-hydrophilic angama-ionic, awahlukanisa e-anionic, i-catioc, i-nonion, zwitterionicionic, nezinye izinhlobo ezikhethekile ze-surfictants.
I-5. Izici zesisombululo esisemanzini esishisayo
① Ama-adsorption ama-surfactants ezindaweni zokuxhumana
Ama-molecule asetshenzisiwe anamaqembu e-lipophilic nama-hydrophilic, awenze ama-molekyuli e-aphphiphilic. Amanzi uketshezi olunamandla olunamandla. Lapho ama-surtachanists ekhipha emanzini, ngokuya ngesimiso sokufana kwamaphondo kanye nobumbano wokuphindisela, amaqembu awo adonswa emanzini, ngenkathi amaqembu abo e-lipophilic ephindisela amanzi futhi ashiye amanzi. Ngenxa yalokhu, ama-molecule asetshenziswayo (noma i-ion) adsorb endaweni yokuxhumana phakathi kwezigaba ezimbili, anciphisa ukungezwani kwezingcambu phakathi kwezigaba ezimbili. Ama-molecule asetshenziswayo (noma i-ions) ama-adsorbed esibonakalayo, kunciphisa ukwehla kokungezwani kwezingcaci.
② Ezinye izakhiwo zolwelwesi lwe-adsorption
Ingcindezi engaphezulu yolwelwesi lwe-adsorption: ama-adsorb asetshenziselwa isikhombimsebenzisi ephethwe yigesi ukwakha ulwelwesi lwe-adsorption. Uma ipuleti elintantayo elishukunayo libekwe esibonakalayo futhi ipuleti elintantayo licindezela ulwelwesi lwe-adsorption eceleni kwesixazululo, ulwelwesi lusebenzisa ingcindezi epuletini elintantayo, elibizwa ngokuthi yingcindezi engaphezulu.
I-Supcusity Engaphezulu: Njengomfutho wengcindezi engaphezulu, ukubonakala komhlaba kuyimpahla eboniswa amafilimu ama-molecular ama-insoluble. Misa indandatho yeplatinamu ngocingo lwensimbi oluncanyana, yenza indiza yalo ukuthi uthinte indawo yamanzi echibini, ujikeleze indandatho yeplatinamu, indandatho yeplatinamu ivinjelwa ukubonwa kwamanzi, futhi kancane kancane i-viscosity engalinganiswa ngayo. Indlela yile: okokuqala kokuziphatha kokuhlola emanzini amsulwa, ukukala i-amplitude attiation, bese ulinganisa i-atchituation ngemuva kokwakheka kwemaskhi yobuso, bese ubale i-viscosity yobuso obuphakathi kobabili.
I-viscosity engaphezulu ihlobene kakhulu nokuqina kwemaskhi yobuso. Njengoba ifilimu ye-adsorption inengcindezi engaphezulu kanye nokubonakala, kumele kube ukunwebeka. Lapho uphakamisa ingcindezi engaphezulu kanye nokubonakala kolwelwesi lwe-adsorption, i-modulus yayo enkulu. Imodulos ye-elastic yefilimu ye-adsorption ye-sudvalcen ibaluleke kakhulu kwinqubo yokuzinza kwe-foam.
③ ukwakheka kweMicelles
Isixazululo se-Culte of Surfactants silandela imithetho yezisombululo ezifanele. Inani le-adsorption lama-surficactants ebusweni bekhambi likhuphuka ngokuhlushwa kwesixazululo. Lapho ukugcwala kufinyelela noma kudlula inani elithile, inani le-adsorption alisakhuphuka. Lawa ma-molecule asetshenziswa ngokweqile kwikhambi ayaphazamiseka noma akhona ngendlela ejwayelekile. Zombili ukuzilolonga nothiyori zikhombisile ukuthi zihlanganisa ama-aggregates ngesixazululo, ezibizwa ngeMicelles.
Ukuhlushwa okubucayi kwe-micelle: Ukuhlushwa okuphansi lapho ama-surfactants akha iziciki eziwumseli esosizini ebizwa ngokuthi yi-micelle ebalulekile.
④ Inani le-CMC le-Surmiactant evamile.
6. Inani le-hydrophilic ne-oleophilic
I-HLB imele ibhalansi ye-hydrophilic lipophilic, emelela amanani we-hydrophilic ne-lipophilic alinganayo amaqembu ama-hydrophilic kanye nama-lipophilic we-surdrophilic kanye ne-lipophilic ye-surdophilic, okungukuthi inani le-HLB le-surviant. Inani eliphakeme le-HLB libonisa i-hydrophicity eqinile kanye ne-lipophility ebuthakathaka ye-molekyule; Ngokuphambene nalokho, ine-lipophilicity eqinile ne-hydrophilicity ebuthakathaka.
① Imithetho ngenani le-HLB
Inani le-HLB inani elilinganayo, ngakho-ke lapho uhlela inani le-HLB, njengenani le-HLB likapharafini ngaphandle kwe-Hydrophilic sulfate elinama-aulium anamandla ngokuvamile ku-aulfactilic sulfolity ngokuvamile ebangeni le-1-40. Ngokuvamile, ama-emulsifiers anamanani we-HLB angaphansi kwama-10 angama-lipophilic, ngenkathi ama-emulsifiers anamagugu we-HLB amakhulu kune-10 yi-hydrophilic. Ngakho-ke, i-Turning Point kusuka ku-lipophility ku-hydrophicility icishe ibe yi-10.
7. Ukucaciswa kanye nemiphumela ye-solubilization
Iziphuzo ezimbili ezingenakuqhathaniswa, eyodwa eyakhiwe ngokusabalalisa izinhlayiya (amaconsi noma amakristalu asolwandle) kolunye, abizwa ngokuthi ama-emulsions. Lapho kwakheka i-emulsion, indawo ephakathi kwezifo phakathi koketshezi ezimbili inyuka, yenza uhlelo lungazinzile. Ukuqinisa i-emulsion, ingxenye yesithathu - i-emulsifier - idinga ukungezelelwa ukuze unciphise amandla ohlelo. Ama-emulsiferiers angabakwa-Surfactants, futhi umsebenzi wabo oyinhloko ukwenza njenge-emulsifiers. Lesi sigaba lapho amaconsi akhona emulsion abizwa ngokuthi isigaba esihlakazekile (noma isigaba sangaphakathi, isigaba esincishisiwe), kanti esinye isigaba esixhunyiwe sihlangene sibizwa ngokuthi yi-medium medium (noma isigaba sangaphandle, isigaba esiqhubekayo).
① Emulsifiers kanye ama-emulsions
Ama-emulsion ajwayelekile aqukethe isigaba esisodwa samanzi noma ikhambi lamanzi, kanti esinye isigaba sezinhlanganisela eziphilayo ezingabonakali ngamanzi, amafutha, njll. Amanzi ahlakazeka emafutheni akha amanzi e-emulsion kawoyela, emelelwa yi-W / O (Amanzi / Amafutha). Ngaphezu kwalokho, amanzi ayinkimbinkimbi emafutheni emanzini w / o / w kanye namafutha emanzini emafutheni o / w / o amulsions nawo angakha.
I-emulsifier iyazinza i-emulsion ngokunciphisa ukungezwani kwezokuxhumana nokwakha imaskhi yobuso be-monolayer.
Izidingo zama-emulsiferiers e-Emulsation: A: Ama-Emulseliers kumele akwazi ukucebisa noma acebise esibonakalayo phakathi kwezigaba ezimbili, enciphisa ukungezwani kwezingxabano; B: Ama-Emulsifiers kumele anikeze izinhlayiya ngogesi, abangela ukukhishwa kwe-electrostatic phakathi kwezinhlayiya noma ukwakha ifilimu elizinzile elizivikelayo elizungeze izinhlayiya. Ngakho-ke, izinto ezisetshenziswa njenge-emulsifiers kumele zibe namaqembu we-ampipphilic ukuze abe nemiphumela ekhuphukayo, futhi ama-surfactants angahlangabezana nale mfuneko.
Izindlela zokulungiselela ama-emulsion kanye nezinto ezithinta ukuqina kwe-emulsion
Kunezindlela ezimbili zokulungiselela ama-emulsions: eyodwa ukusebenzisa izindlela zemishini zokuhlakaza uketshezi zibe izinhlayiya ezincane kolunye uketshezi, oluvame ukusetshenziswa embonini ukulungiselela ama-emulsions; Enye indlela ukuncibilikisa uketshezi esimweni samangqamuzana kolunye uketshezi bese ukuvumela ukuthi ihlanganise ngendlela efanelekile ukwakha i-emulsion.
Ukuqina kwama-emulsion kusho amandla abo okumelana nengxenye yezinhlayiyana futhi kubangele ukuhlukaniswa kwesigaba. Ama-emulsions amasistimu angazinzile anezinhlelo ezibalulekile zamahhala. Ngakho-ke, ukuqina kwe-emulsion empeleni kubhekisele esikhathini esidingekayo ukuze uhlelo lufinyelele ekulintweni, okungukuthi, isikhathi esidingekayo soketshezi ohlelweni ukuze sihlukane.
Lapho kunama-molecule e-polar arganic afana notshwala onamafutha, i-fatty acid kanye namafutha amine endaweni yobuso, amandla olwelwesi akhulisa kakhulu. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ama-molecule e-emulsifier ku-interface adercoption ungqimba ngama-molecule we-polar anjenge-alcohol, acid kanye ne-anine ukwakha amandla we-interface wobuso mask.
Ama-emulsifiers ahlanganiswe ama-surfiants amabili noma ngaphezulu abizwa ngokuthi ama-emulsifers ahlanganisiwe. I-ADDORB exubile emulsiferiers esibonakalayo samanzi / samafutha, kanye nokusebenzisana kwe-intermolelisar kungakha izakhiwo. Ngenxa yokusebenzisana okuqinile kwe-intermolecular, ukungezwani kwe-interfacial kuncishiswe kakhulu, inani le-emulsifier adsorbed esibonakalayo likhuphuka kakhulu, futhi ubukhulu bama-density kanye namamaski wobuso obumisiwe ayakhula.
Inkokhiso yamaconsi inomthelela omkhulu ekuqineni kwama-emulsions. Ama-Emulsions azinzile ngokuvamile anamaconsi anamacala kagesi. Lapho usebenzisa i-Ionic Empulsifiers, ama-emulsifier ion adsorbed esibonakalayo Faka amaqembu abo e-lipophilic esigabeni samafutha, ngenkathi amaqembu e-hydrophilic esesigabeni samanzi, ngaleyo ndlela enza amaconsi akhokhiswe. Ngenxa yokuthi amaconsi e-emulsion aphethe icala elifanayo, ayanda futhi awenzeki kalula, okuholela ekuzinzekeni okukhuphukayo. Kungabonakala ukuthi ama-emulsifier ion adslorbed kumaconsi, makhulu awo amacala awo, futhi amandla amakhulu okuvimbela ama-coalescence, okwenza uhlelo lwe-emulsion luzinze ngokwengeziwe.
I-Viscosity ye-Emulsion Displion Medid inomthelela othile ekuqineni kwe-emulsion. Ngokuvamile, ukukhuphuka kwendlela yokusabalalisa, kukhuphuka ukuqina kwe-emulsion. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi i-viscosity ye-Dispering Medium iphakeme, evimbela ngokuqinile ukunyakaza kwe-brownowian kwamaconsi awuketshezi, kwehlisa umoya phakathi kwamaconsi, futhi kugcina uhlelo luzinze. Izinto ze-polymer ezivame ukuncibilika kuma-emulsion zingakhuphula ukubonwa kohlelo futhi zithuthukise ukuqina kwe-emulsion. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-polymer ingakha futhi imaski yobuso obuqinile, okwenza uhlelo lwe-emulsion luzinze ngokwengeziwe.
Kwezinye izimo, ukungeza i-solid powder kungaqinisa futhi i-emulsion. I-powder eqinile ayikho emanzini, uwoyela noma esibonakalayo, kuya ngekhono elimanzi lamafutha namanzi ku-powder eqinile. Uma i-powder eqinile ingafakwanga ngokuphelele ngamanzi futhi ingafakwa ngamafutha, izohlala esibonakalayo samafutha esibonakalayo.
Isizathu esenza ukuthi i-powder eqinile ingazichithe i-emulsion ukuthi i-powder iqoqwe endaweni yokubonisana ayiqinisekisi imaskhi yobuso, okufana ne-interface adsorption emulsifier emulsifier emulsifier ama-molecule. Ngakho-ke, ukusondelana nezinhlayiya eziqinile ze-powder zihlelwe esibonakalayo, kuzoba khona izitebelo ngokwengeziwe.
Ama-Surfactants anamandla okukhulisa ngokukhulu insolini yezinto eziphilayo ezingekho emthethweni noma ancibilike kancane emanzini ngemuva kokukhanyisa ama-miclelles esikhaleni esinamanzi, futhi isixazululo sisobala ngalesi sikhathi. Lo mphumela weMicelletes ubizwa ngokuthi yi-pulibilization. Ama-surfactants angakhiqiza imiphumela yokusungula abizwa ngokuthi ama-solubililizer, kanye nezinhlanganisela ze-organic ezihlaselwa yi-solubilizelwe zibizwa ngokuthi amakhompiyutha asolaka.
8. Foam
UFoam udlala indima ebalulekile enqubweni yokuwasha. UFoam ubhekisa ohlelweni lokuhlakazeka lapho igesi ihlakazwa ngoketshezi noma iqinile. Igesi yisigaba sokuhlakazeka, kanye noketshezi noma okuqinile yindlela yokuhlakazeka. Owayengukuqala obizwa ngokuthi i-liquid Foam, kuyilapho owokugcina ebizwa ngokuthi amagwebu aqinile, njenge-foam plastic, ingilazi yegwebu, usimende we-foam, njll.
(1) ukwakheka kwegwebu
Igwebu lapha libhekisela ekuhlanganiseni kwama-bubble ahlukaniswe ifilimu eliwuketshezi. Ngenxa yomehluko omkhulu ekubunjweni phakathi kwesigaba esihlakazekile (igesi) kanye ne-medium ehlakazekile (uketshezi), kanye nokubonakaliswa okuphansi koketshezi, igwebu lingahlala likhuphuka lifinyelela ezingeni loketshezi ngokushesha.
Inqubo yokwenza igwebu ukuletha inani elikhulu legesi ku-ketshezi, futhi ama-bubble ku-liquid abuyele endaweni ewuketshezi ngokushesha, akha i-bubble aggregate ehlukaniswe yinani elincane le-kesitsheni kanye negesi
I-Foam inezici ezimbili ezimangalisayo ku-morphology: eyodwa yilokho ama-bubble njengesigaba esihlakazekile kwesinye isikhathi i-polyhedral, ngoba lapho kuthambekela kwama-bubble, okwenza i-bubbles polyhedral. Lapho ifilimu ewuketshezi iba mncane ngezinga elithile, ama-bubble azophuka; Okwesibili, uketshezi olumsulwa alukwazi ukwakha i-foam ezinzile, kepha uketshezi olungakha i-foam okungenani ezimbili noma ngaphezulu. Isixazululo esinamanzi se-surficant uhlelo olujwayelekile olulula ukukhiqiza igwebu, namandla alo okukhiqiza i-foam nalo lihlobene nezinye izakhiwo.
Ama-Surfactants anekhono elihle lokugcotshwa kwamagwebu abizwa ngokuthi ama-foaming agents. Yize umenzeli we-Foaming enekhono elihle legwebu, igwebu elakhiwe kungenzeka lingakwazi ukugcina isikhathi eside, okungukuthi, ukuqina kwalo kungenzeka kungabi kuhle. Ukuze ulondoloze ukuqina kwegwebu, into engakhuphula ukuqina kwegwebu ivame ukungezwa ku-ejenti ye-foam, ebizwa ngokuthi yi-foam stabilizer. Abakhuthazi abavame ukusetshenziswa kwe-foam banguLauroyl diethanolamine noDodecyl Dimethyl Amine onide.
(2) Ukuqina kwegwebu
I-Foam iyi-thermodymical system, kanye nomkhuba wokugcina ukuthi indawo ephelele engaphezulu koketshezi ohlelweni iyancipha futhi amandla wamahhala ayancipha ngemuva kokuphuka kwe-bubble. Inqubo yokudonswa yinqubo yinqubo lapho ifilimu ewuketshezi ehlukanisa igesi ishintsha ukushuba ukuqina ize iqhume. Ngakho-ke, ukuqina kwegwebu kunqunywa ikakhulu ngejubane lokukhishwa koketshezi namandla wefilimu eliwuketshezi. Kunezinye izinto ezimbalwa ezithonya.
① ukungezwani komhlaba
Ukusuka endaweni yokubuka kwamandla, ukungezwani okuphansi komhlaba kuyathandeka ukwenziwa kwegwebu, kepha akunakukwazi ukuqinisekisa ukuqina kwegwebu. Ukungezwani okuphansi okuphansi, umehluko wengcindezi ephansi, ijubane lokukhipha uketshezi kancane, kanye nokuncipha kwamafilimu okushibilika kwe-liquid kulungele ukuqina kwegwebu.
② Ukubonakaliswa komhlaba
Isici esisemqoka esinquma ukuqina kwe-Foam amandla efilimu eliwuketshezi, okunqunywa ikakhulu ukuqina kwefilimu ye-adsorption, elilinganiswe yi-viscosity engaphezulu. Ukuhlolwa kukhombisa ukuthi igwebu elikhiqizwa yisixazululo esinokubonakala okuphezulu komhlaba linokuphila okude. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ukusebenzisana phakathi kwama-molecule ahleliwe ebusweni kuholela ekwandeni kwamandla kalwelwesi, ngaleyo ndlela kuthuthukise impilo yegwebu.
Isixazululo se-③
Lapho i-viscosity yoketshezi ngokwayo iyanda, i-ketshezi kwifilimu ewuketshezi akulula ukukhishwa, futhi ijubane lokuncipha kwefilimu lihamba kancane, elibambezeleka isikhathi sokuqhuma kwamafilimu.
④ 'Ukulungiswa' komphumela wokungezwani komhlaba
Ama-Surfactants adsborbed ebusweni befilimu eliwuketshezi anamandla okumelana nokwanda noma ukukhishwa kwendawo yefilimu ewuketshezi, esibhekisela kuyo njengomphumela wokulungisa. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi kunefilimu ewuketshezi yama-surfactants adderbed ebusweni, futhi ukwandisa indawo yayo engaphezulu kuzonciphisa ukugcwaliseka kwama-molekyuli ase-adsorbed futhi kwandise ukungezwani komhlaba. Ngaphezu kwalokho ukunwebisa ingaphezulu kuzodinga umzamo omkhulu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-survinkage yendawo engaphezulu izokwandisa ukugcwala kwama-molecule asetshenzisiwe asongetheke ngaphezulu, kunciphisa ukungezwani komhlaba nokuvimbela ukwengeziwe kwe-shrinkage.
⑤ Ukuvikelwa kwegesi ngefilimu eliwuketshezi
Ngenxa yokuba khona kwengcindezi ye-capillary, ingcindezi yama-bubble amancane ku-foam iphakeme kunaleyo yamabhamu amakhulu, okuholela ekutheni igesi ama-bubble amancane ukuba ibambe ama-bubble amancane, kuholele ekutheni ama-bubble amancane abe mkhulu, futhi ekugcineni i-foam ikhefu. Uma kufakwa i-survitant, igwebu lizofana nomfaniswano futhi libe mnene lapho ligcwala, futhi akulula ukudelela. Njengoba i-surfactant ihlelwe eduze kwifilimu ewuketshezi, kunzima ukungena ngaphakathi, okwenza igwebu lizinze ngokwengeziwe.
⑥ Ithonya Lenkokhelo Engaphezulu
Uma ifilimu le-Foam liquid ikhokhiswa uphawu olufanayo, lezi zindawo ezimbili zefilimu eliwuketshezi zizothuthumela, zivimbela ifilimu eliwuketshezi ekunciphiseni noma ekubhujisweni. I-Ionic Surfactants inganikeza lo mphumela wokuqina.
Ekuphetheni, amandla wefilimu eliwuketshezi yinto ebalulekile ukunquma ukuqina kwegwebu. Njengomuntu osomakamenti wama-ejenti we-foaming kanye nabaqinisi be-foam, ukuqina nokuqina kwama-molekyuli akwa-possarbed adsorbed kuyizinto ezibaluleke kakhulu. Lapho ukusebenzisana phakathi kwama-molecule a-adsorbed ebusweni kuqinile, ama-molecule adsorbed ahlelwe kakhulu, okungenze nje kuphela ukuthi imaskhi yobuso ngokwayo inamandla, ngakho-ke kunzima kakhulu kwifilimu ewuketshezi ukuze kukhule, futhi kube nzima kakhulu kwifilimu ewuketshezi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-molekyuli ahlelwe eduze ahlelwe futhi anciphise ukuvumela kwamamolekyuli wegesi futhi ngenxa yalokho akhuphule ukuqina kwegwebu.
(3) Ukubhujiswa kwegwebu
Isisekelo esiyisisekelo sokubhubhisa igwebu ukushintsha imibandela yokukhiqiza igwebu noma ususe izici zokuqina kwegwebu, ngakho-ke kunezindlela ezimbili zokungcolisa, ngokomzimba nangamakhemikhali.
Ukungcolisa ngokomzimba ukushintsha izimo lapho i-foam yakhiqizwa khona ngenkathi kugcinwa ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali kwesisombululo segwebu segwebu kungashintshiwe. Isibonelo, ukuphazamiseka kwamandla kwangaphandle, izinga lokushisa noma ukushintshwa kwengcindezi kanye nokwelashwa kwe-ultrasonic zonke izindlela ezisebenzayo zomzimba zokuqeda igwebu.
Indlela ye-Chemical Devoaling ukwengeza ezinye izinto zokusebenzisana ne-ejenti ye-Foaming, yehlise amandla wefilimu eliwuketshezi ku-foam, bese wehlisa ukuqina kwegwebu ukufeza inhloso yokufakelwa. Izinto ezinjalo zibizwa ngokuthi ama-defoamers. Ama-defoamers amaningi asetshenziswa ama-surfactants. Ngakho-ke, ngokuya ngendlela yokuhlambalaza, ama-deforsors kufanele abe namandla aqinile okunciphisa ukungezwani komhlaba, abe ama-adsorbed ebusweni, futhi abe nokusebenzisana okubuthakathaka phakathi kwama-molecule e-adsorbed.
Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene ze-desoamers, kepha zingama-surfic amangalisayo kakhulu. Ama-on ionic surffactants anezindawo zokulwa namagwebu eduze noma ngaphezulu kwephuzu lakhe lamafu futhi zivame ukusetshenziswa njengama-desoumers. Ama-alcohols, ikakhulukazi labo abanezinhlaka ze-branching, ama-acid ama-acids nama-esters, ama-polyamides, ama-phoyamides, ama-silicone, njll., Zivame ukusetshenziswa ama-desoumers amahle kakhulu.
(4) Foam nokugeza
Abukho ubudlelwano obuqondile phakathi kwegwebu nokugeza umphumela, kanye nenani le-Foam alisho ukuthi umphumela wokuwasha ulungile noma mubi. Isibonelo, ukusebenza kwamagwebu kwama-surfactants okungewona ama-Ionic aphansi kakhulu kwinsipho, kepha amandla abo okuhlanza angcono kakhulu kunensipho.
Kwezinye izimo, igwebu liyasiza ekususeni ukungcola. Isibonelo, lapho ukugeza itafula ekhaya, igwebu lesikhiya lingasusa amaconsi kawoyela agezwe; Lapho ukukhahlela ikhaphethi, i-foam kusiza ukuthatha ukungcola okuqinile njengothuli nofulawa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amagwebu ngezinye izikhathi azosetshenziswa njengesibonakaliso sokuthi umtshinga uyasebenza, ngoba amabala kawoyela anamafutha angavimba igwebu lesikhumba. Lapho kunamabala omningi kakhulu kawoyela kanye nokuhlanza okuncane kakhulu, ngeke kube khona igwebu noma igwebu lasekuqaleni lizonyamalala. Kwesinye isikhathi, igwebu lingasetshenziswa futhi njengenkomba yokuthi ukulimala kuhlanzekile yini. Ngoba inani le-foam kwikhambi elivuthayo livame ukwehla ngokuncipha kokuqukethwe kokuhlanza, izinga lokuhlanza lingahlolwa ngenani le-foam.
9. Inqubo yokugeza
Ngomqondo obanzi, ukugeza yinqubo yokususa izakhi ezingafuneki entweni egezwa futhi uzuze inhloso ethile. Ukugeza ngomqondo ojwayelekile kubhekisa kwinqubo yokususa ukungcola ebusweni bomthwali. Ngesikhathi sokugeza, ukusebenzisana phakathi kokungcola kanye nomthwali kubuthakathaka noma kuqedwe ngesenzo sezinto ezithile zamakhemikhali (ezinjengezihlanzi), ukuguqula inhlanganisela yokungcola kanye nokuhlanza, ekugcineni kubangele ukungcola. Njengoba izinto okufanele zigezwe futhi ukungcola kuzosuswa ziyehluka, ukugeza kuyinqubo eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, futhi inqubo eyisisekelo yokuwasha ingamelwa ubudlelwane obulula obulula
Isithwali
Inqubo yokuwasha ingavama ukuhlukaniswa izigaba ezimbili: eyodwa ukwahlukanisa ukungcola nomthwali wayo ngaphansi kwesenzo sokuhlanza; Okwesibili ukuthi ukungcola okuvinjelwe kuhlakazeka futhi kumiswe endaweni ephakathi nendawo. Inqubo yokuwasha inqubo eguquguqukayo, nokungcola okuhlakazwa noma okumiswe endaweni ephakathi nendawo kungahle kube nokuqamba kabusha kusuka kulayini. Ngakho-ke, okokuhlanza okuhle kakhulu akufanele kube nekhono lokukhipha ukungcola kusuka kumthwali, kepha futhi linamandla amahle okusabalalisa futhi amise ukungcola, futhi avikele ukungcola ekubekeni imali futhi.
(1) izinhlobo zokungcola
Noma into efanayo, uhlobo, ukwakheka, kanye nobungako bokungcola kuzohluka ngokuya ngemvelo yokusebenzisa. Ukungcola komzimba we-oyili ikakhulukazi kufaka phakathi amafutha ezilwane namamitha, kanye namafutha amaminerali (njengamafutha angcolile, uwoyela wamafutha, njll. Ngomzimba womuntu, kunemisindo emzimbeni womuntu, njengokujuluka, i-sebum, igazi, njll; Ukungcola kusuka ekudleni, njengamabala ezithelo, amabala owoyela adliwayo, amabala okuthona, isitashi, njll; Ukungcola okulethwa yizimonyo, ezinjengezindebe ze-lipstick kanye ne-nail polish; Ukungcola kusuka emkhathini, njengokubhema, uthuli, inhlabathi, njll; Ezinye izinto ezifana ne-inki, itiye, upende, njll. Kungashiwo ukuthi kunezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene nezinhlobonhlobo.
Izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zokungcola zivame ukuhlukaniswa izigaba ezintathu: ukungcola okuqinile, ukungcola okuwuketshezi, kanye nokungcola okukhethekile.
① Ukungcola okuqinile okujwayelekile kufaka izinhlayiya ezinjengomlotha, udaka, inhlabathi, ukugqwala kanye nekhabhoni emnyama. Iningi lalezi zinhlayiya linecala elingaphezulu, ikakhulukazi elibi, futhi likhishwe kalula ezintweni ezivuthayo. Ngokuvamile, ukungcola okuqinile kunzima ukuncibilikisa emanzini, kepha kungahlakazwa futhi kumiswe ngezixazululo zokuhlanza. Ukungcola okuqinile ngezinhlayiya ezincane kunzima ukususa.
② Ukungcola okuwuketshezi kuvame kakhulu ukuncibilika kwamafutha, kufaka phakathi uwoyela wezilwane kanye nemifino, ama-fatty acid, amafutha amafutha, amafutha anamafutha, kanye noxides babo. Phakathi kwazo, uwoyela wezilwane kanye nama-acid wezilwane angabhekana nama-alkali nge-alkali, ngenkathi amafutha namafutha amaminerali awasuswa ngotshwala, kepha ahlakazeke futhi ahlakazeke futhi ahlakazeke futhi ahlakazeke izixazululo zezinto ezinamanzi. Ukungcola okufuywayo okukodwa okuningana kuvame ukungcola okunamandla kokuxhumana ngezinto ze-fibrous kanye nezikhangiso ngokuqinile kwimicu.
③ Ukungcola okukhethekile kufaka amaprotheni, isitashi, igazi, ukufunwa komuntu okufana nokujuluka, i-sebum, umchamo, kanye nejusi yezithelo, ijusi letiye, njll. Ngakho-ke, ukugeza kunzima impela.
Izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zokungcola akuvami ukuthi zibe khona zodwa, zivame ukuxutshwa ndawonye futhi zihlanganiswe ndawonye ezintweni. Ukungcola kwesinye isikhathi kungabola, ukubola, noma ukubola ngaphansi kwamathonya angaphandle, okuholela ekwakhekeni kokungcola okusha.
(2) Umphumela wokunamathela wokungcola
Isizathu esenza izingubo, izandla, njll. Ungazingcolisa yingoba kukhona uhlobo oluthile lokuxhumana phakathi kwezinto nokungcola. Kunemiphumela ehlukahlukene yokunamathela kokungcola kwezinto, kepha ikakhulukazi anama-adhesion angokomzimba kanye nokunamathelisa ngamakhemikhali.
① Ukunamathelisa ngokomzimba kwe-kagwayi umlotha, uthuli, i-sediment, ikhabhobho emnyama, nezinye izinto zokugqoka. Ngokuvamile, ukusebenzisana phakathi kokungcola okunamathela nento engcolisiwe kubuthakathaka, futhi ukususwa kokungcola nakho kulula. Ngokusho kwamabutho ahlukene, ukunamathela ngokomzimba kokungcola kungahlukaniswa kube nokunamathelisa kwemishini kanye nokunamathela kwe-elektrosti.
A: Ukunamathela kwemishini ikakhulukazi kusho ukunamathela kokungcola okuqinile njengothuli nokudanga. I-Mechanical Adhesion iyindlela ebuthakathaka yokunamathela ngokungcola, okungacishe isuswe ngezindlela ezilula zemishini. Kodwa-ke, lapho ubukhulu bezinhlayiyana bokungcola buncane (<0.1um), kunzima kakhulu ukususa.
B: I-Electrostatic Adhesion ibonakala ngokukhethekile ngesenzo sezinhlayiya ezingcolile ezikhokhisiwe ezintweni ezinamacala aphikisayo. Izinto eziningi ze-fibrous ziphethe imali engemihle emanzini futhi zilandelwa kalula ukungcola okukhokhiswa kahle njenge-lime. Okunye ukungcola, yize kunamacala ampofu, njengezinhlayiya ezimnyama zekhabhoni ezixazululweni zamanzi, kunganamathela ku-Fibers ngama-Ion amabhuloho akhiwa ngama-ion (i-turs active ndawonye phakathi kwezindleko eziningi eziphambene, ezisebenza njengamabhuloho).
Ugesi we-Static unamandla kunesinyathelo esilula semishini, okwenza kube nzima ukususa ukungcola.
③ Ukususwa kokungcola okukhethekile
Amaprotheni, isitashi, izithako zomuntu, ujusi wezithelo, ujusi wetiye kanye nezinye izinhlobo zokungcola kunzima ukuzikhipha ngezindlela ezijwayelekile zokwelashwa futhi zidinga izindlela zokwelashwa ezikhethekile.
Amaprotheni anjenge-ayisikhilimu, amaqanda, igazi, ubisi kanye ne-isikhumba excreta athambekele ekubumbeni nasekuchaseni imicu, futhi anamathele ngokuqinile. Ku-protein ethambile, i-proteinease ingasetshenziselwa ukuyikhipha. I-proteasease ingaphula amaprotheni ngokungcola emanzini ancibilika ama-amino acid noma ama-oligopeptides.
Amabala wesitashi aqhamuka ikakhulu ekudleni, kanti amanye anjenge-juwa yenyama, unamathisele, njll. I-Starch Enzymes inomphumela we-catalytic kwi-hydrolysis yama-stary stains, wephula isitashi kushukela.
I-Liphase ingahle ihlehlise ukubola kwamanye ama-triglycerides okunzima ukuwasusa ngezindlela ezijwayelekile, njengeSebum etholwe ngumzimba womuntu, uwoyela odliwayo, njll.
Amanye amabala anemibala avela ejusi yezithelo, ujusi wetiye, uyinki, i-lipstick, njll. Kuvame ukuba nzima ukuhlanza kahle ngisho nokugeza okuphindaphindwayo. Lolu hlobo lwe-stain lungasuswa nge-oxidation-ukuncipha kokusabela kusetshenziswa oxidants noma ukunciphisa ama-ejenti anjenge-bleach, okubhidliza ukwakheka kwama-chromophore noma amaqembu ama-chromophore futhi angcolisa abe yizakhi ezincane ezingenamuntu.
Ngokombono wokuhlanza owomile, kunezinhlobo ezintathu zokungcola.
① Ukungcola okunyibilika uwoyela kuhlanganisa uwoyela namafutha ahlukahlukene, okuwo okuwuketshezi noma okunamafutha futhi kuyancibilikisa kuma-sol solces owomile.
② Ukungcola okungenamanzi okungenakugwedla kuyancibilika kusisombululo esinamanzi, kepha kungabonakali kuma-ejenti wokuhlanza owomile. I-Adederbs egqoke izingubo ngendlela yesisombululo esinamanzi, nangemva kokuba amanzi avele, izinsimbi ze-granular ezinjengesawoti anosawoti, isitashi, amaprotheni, njll.
③ Ukungcola kwamanzi okufakwa amanzi ku-infoluble kuwo womabili amanzi nama-solvents asomile okuhlanza, njengekhabhoni emnyama, izilindi zensimbi ezahlukahlukene, no-oxides.
Ngenxa yezakhiwo ezahlukahlukene zezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zokungcola, kunezindlela ezahlukahlukene zokususa ukungcola ngesikhathi senqubo eyomile yokuhlanza. Ukungcola okuncibilikayo, okufana namafutha ezilwane kanye nemifino, uwoyela wamaminerali namafutha, kuncibilika kalula kuma-solvents ezi-organic futhi kungasuswa kalula ngesikhathi sokuhlanza eyomile. I-solubility enhle kakhulu yokuhlanza izinhlayiya owomile wamafutha namafutha empeleni kungenxa yamandla we-van der Waals phakathi kwama-molecule.
Ukususwa kokungcola okuncibilikisiwe kwamanzi njengosawoti we-inorganic, ushukela, amaprotheni, izithukuthuku, njll, kuyadingeka ukwengeza inani elifanele lamanzi kumenzeli omile, ngaphandle kokuthi ukungcola okuncibilikayo kwamanzi kunzima ukususa ezingutsheni. Kepha amanzi kunzima ukuncibilikisa kuma-ejenti wokuhlanza owomile, ngakho-ke ukwandisa inani lamanzi, ama-surfactants adinga ukungezwa. Amanzi akhona kuma-ejenti wokuhlanza owomile angakhipha ukungcola kanye nobuso bezingubo, okwenza kube lula ukuxhumana namaqembu ama-polar ama-surffactiva Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapho ama-surffachants enza ama-michelles, ukungcola namanzi okuncibilikayo namanzi kungakhungathekiswa kwiMicellet. Ama-surfactants awakwazi ukukhulisa okuqukethwe kwamanzi kuphela kuma-solvents asomile okuhlanza, kepha futhi avikele nokubekwa kabusha kokungcola ukuze athuthukise umphumela wokuhlanza.
Ukuba khona kwamanzi amancane kuyadingeka ukuze kususwe ukungcola okuncibilikayo kwamanzi, kepha amanzi amaningi angenza izingubo ezithile zisebenze, zimbizeke, ngakho-ke okuqukethwe kwamanzi okuwohlokayo kufanele kube ngokulinganiselayo.
Izinhlayiya eziqinile ezinjenge-Ash, udaka, inhlabathi, nekhabhoni emnyama, okungeyona eyenyanyisa amanzi noma amafutha ancibilikayo, ngokuvamile anamatheli egqoke ama-adsorption noma ngokuhlanganisa namabala kawoyela. Ekuhlanzeni okwomile, ukugeleza kanye nomthelela we-solvents kungadala ukungcola ama-adderbed ngamabutho kagesi okuwa, ngenkathi ama-ejenti aqinile wokuhlanza angakwazi ukuncibilikisa amabala kawoyela futhi anamathele ezingutsheni ukuze awele kumenzeli wokuhlanza owomile. Inani elincane lamanzi kanye nama-surfactants ku-ejenti yokuhlanza eyomile angamisa ngokuqinile futhi ahlakaze izinhlayiya eziqinile eziwukuwa, azivimbela ekufake izingubo futhi.
(5) Izici ezithinta umphumela wokuwasha
I-adsorption eqondayo yama-surfactants endaweni yokuxhumeka kanye nokuncishiswa komhlaba (ukuguquguquka) ukungezwani kuyizinto eziphambili zokususwa koketshezi noma okuqinile. Kepha inqubo yokuwasha iyinkimbinkimbi, futhi ngisho nomphumela wokuwasha wohlobo olufanayo lokuhlanza luthintwa ezinye izinto eziningi. Lezi zinto zifaka phakathi ukufinyeleleka kokuhlanza, izinga lokushisa, imvelo yokungcola, uhlobo lwefayibha, nesakhiwo sendwangu.
① Ukuhlushwa kwama-surficationants
IMicelletes of Surfiants kukhambi idlala indima ebalulekile enqubweni yokuwasha. Lapho ukugcwala kufinyelela ku-Micelle Cornction (CMC) ebucayi, umphumela wokuwasha ukhulisa kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, ukugcwala kokuhlanza e-solvent kufanele kube ngaphezulu kwenani le-CMC ukuze kufezeke ukusebenza okuhle kokugeza. Kodwa-ke, lapho ukugcwala kwama-surfidants kudlula inani le-CMC, umphumela wokuwaza okhulayo uba obaluleke kakhulu, futhi ukwanda ngokweqile kokuhlushwa okungaguquki akudingekile.
Lapho usebenzisa i-solubilizatization ukususa amabala kawoyela, noma ngabe ukugxila kungaphezulu kwenani le-CMC, umphumela we-solubilization usanda ngokwanda kokuhlushwa okungasebenzi kahle. Ngalesi sikhathi, kungakuhle ukuthi usebenzise i-detergent yangakini, njengokuthi kuma-cuffs nama-collars wezingubo lapho kunodoti oluningi. Lapho ukugeza, ungqimba lokuhlanza lungasetshenziswa kuqala ukuze uthuthukise umphumela we-solubilization of surfilizant
I-Temperature ② inomthelela omkhulu emphumeleni wokuhlanza. Sekukonke, ukukhulisa izinga lokushisa kuzuzisa ukususa ukungcola, kepha kwesinye isikhathi izinga lokushisa ngokweqile nakho kungadala izinto ezingezinhle.
Ukwanda kwezinga lokushisa kuzuzisa ukungcola kokungcola. Amabala aqinile kawoyela ahluzwa kalula lapho izinga lokushisa lingaphezulu kwephuzu lawo lokuncibilika, futhi imicu ibuye yandisa izinga labo lokunwebeka ngenxa yokunyuka kwezinga lokushisa. Lezi zinto zonke zizuzisa ukususwa kokungcola. Kodwa-ke, izindwangu eziqinile, izikhala ezincane phakathi kwemicu zincishisiwe ngemuva kokunwetshwa kwefayibha, okungafanele ukususwa ukungcola okungcolile.
Izinguquko zokushisa zithinta ne-solubity, inani le-CMC, kanye nosayizi we-micelle of surfactants, ngaleyo ndlela ethinta umphumela wokuwasha. Ama-surfactants amade weketanga ende ane-soubelity ephansi emazingeni okushisa aphansi, futhi kwesinye isikhathi aphansi ngisho ne-solubility kunenani le-cmc. Kulokhu, amazinga okushisa okugeza kufanele andiswe ngokufanele. Umphumela wokushisa kunani le-CMC kanye nosayizi we-micelle uhlukile ku-Ionic and Non-Ionic Surfactants. Okomuntu ocansini, ukwanda kwezinga lokushisa ngokuvamile kuholela ekwandeni kwenani le-CMC kanye nokwehla ngosayizi we-micelle. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukugcwala kwama-surfidants kufanele kunyuswe esikhandleni sokuwasha. Kwama-surfic an-ionic, amazinga okushisa andayo kuholela ekwehleni kwenani lawo le-CMC kanye nokwanda okuphawulekayo ngosayizi wabo we-minelle. Kungabonakala ukuthi amazinga okushisa akhuphukayo angasiza ama-sursuctants angewona amandla awenze umsebenzi wawo ongaphezulu. Kepha izinga lokushisa akufanele lidlule iphuzu laso lefu.
Ngamafuphi, izinga lokushisa elifanelekile lokuwasha lihlobene nefomula yesikhuthalo futhi into egezwa. Ezinye izihlanza zinemiphumela emihle yokuhlanza emazingeni okushisa asekamelweni, kuyilapho ezinye izihlanzi zinemiphumela ehlukene yokuhlanza yokugeza okubandayo nokushisayo.
③ Foam
Abantu bavame ukudida amandla obuhlungu ngokugeza umsebenzi, bakholelwa ukuthi ama-detergents anekhono elinamandla lokuhlanza anemiphumela engcono yokuwasha. Imiphumela ikhombisa ukuthi umphumela wokuwasha awuhlobene ngqo nenani le-foam. Isibonelo, kusetshenziswa okokuhlanza okunamagwebu okuphansi kokugeza akunawo umphumela omubi wokuwasha kunokwehla okuphezulu kwe-foaming.
Yize igwebu lingahlobene ngqo nokugeza, i-Foam isasiza ukususa ukungcola kwezinye izimo. Isibonelo, igwebu lokuwasha uketshezi lingathwala amaconsi kawoyela lapho ugeza izitsha ngesandla. Lapho kusongelwa ikhaphethi, igwebu lingasusa nezinhlanzi eziqinile ezinzima njengothuli. Uthuli lubala ingxenye enkulu yokungcola kwekhaphethi, ngakho-ke ukuhlanza kwekhaphethi kufanele kube nekhono elithile le-fooming.
Amandla we-Foaming nawo abalulekile eShampoo. Igwebu elihle elikhiqizwe uketshezi lapho ukugeza izinwele noma ukugeza kwenza abantu bazizwe bekhululekile.
④ Izinhlobo zemicu yemicu kanye nezindawo ezibonakalayo zezindwangu
Ngaphezu kwesakhiwo samakhemikhali semicu ethinta ukunamathela nokususwa kokungcola, ukubukeka kwemicu kanye nokwakheka kwenhlangano kanye nesakhiwo senhlangano nakho kunomthelela ebunzimeni bokususwa okungcolile.
Izikali zemicu yoboya kanye ne-flat strip efana nesakhiwo semicu yekotini zithambekele kakhulu ukuqongelela ukungcola kunemicu ebushelelezi. Isibonelo, ikhabhoni emnyama inamathele ku-cellulose ifilimu (ifilimu enamathela) kulula ukuyikhipha, kanti ikhabhoni emnyama inamathela endwangu yekotini kunzima ukuyigeza. Isibonelo, izindwangu zefabhu ye-polyester zithambekele kakhulu ekuqongeleleni amabala kawoyela kunezindwangu ezinde ze-fiber, kanye namabala owoyela ezindwangu ezifushane zefayibha zinobunzima obukhulu kunalezo ezindwangu ezinde ze-fiber.
Izindwangu ezisontekile ezisontekile nezindwangu eziqinile, ngenxa yezikhala ezincane ezincane phakathi kwemicu, kungamelana nokuhlasela kokungcola, kepha futhi kuvimbela isixazululo sokuhlanza ekususeni ukungcola kwangaphakathi. Ngakho-ke, izindwangu eziqinile zinokumelana kahle nokungcola ekuqaleni, kepha kunzima futhi ukuhlanza uma nje kungcoliswe.
⑤ Ubulukhuni bamanzi
Ukuqoqwa kwama-ion zensimbi anjenge-ca2 + ne-mg2 + namanzi kunomthelela omkhulu emvuzweni wokuwasha, ikakhulukazi lapho i-anionic surfictactants ibhekene ne-ca2 + nama-mag2 Noma ukugcwala kwama-surfipants kuphakeme ngamanzi anzima, umphumela wazo wokuhlanza usemuhle kakhulu kunokuba udilizeli. Ukufinyelela umphumela omuhle kakhulu wokuwasha we-surfactants, ukugcwala kwama-ca2 + ama-ion emanzini kufanele kuncishiswe ngaphansi kwe-1 × 10-6mol / l (caco3 kufanele kuncishiswe ku-0.1mg / l). Lokhu kudinga ukwengeza amathabula ahlukahlukene ekuhlanzeni.
Isikhathi sePosi: Aug-16-2024