Ngokuvamile, isigaba esisodwa se-emulsion ngamanzi noma isisombululo esinamanzi, esibizwa ngokuthi isigaba se-aqueous; Esinye isigaba yisigaba sezinto eziphilayo esingahlangani namanzi, esaziwa ngokuthi isigaba samafutha.

1, Ukuhlukaniswa

Izindlela ezintathu zokuhlukanisa:

1. Ihlukaniswa ngomthombo: imikhiqizo yemvelo kanye nemikhiqizo yokwenziwa;

2. Kuhlukaniswa ngesisindo samangqamuzana: ama-emulsifiers anesisindo samangqamuzana aphansi (c10-c20) kanye nama-emulsifiers anesisindo samangqamuzana aphezulu (c izinkulungwane);

3. Ngokuya ngokuthi ingaba i-ionize kusisombululo esinamanzi, ingahlukaniswa ngohlobo lwe-ionic (ama-anions, ama-cations, nama-anions nama-cations) kanye nohlobo lwe-non-ionic.

Lena indlela evame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu yokuhlukanisa.

 

2. Umsebenzi kanye nesimiso se-emulsifiers

Umsebenzi oyinhloko wama-emulsifiers ukunciphisa ukungezwani okungaphezulu koketshezi olubili olufaniswayo. Ngakho-ke, lapho ama-surfactants esetshenziswa njengama-emulsifiers, ingxenye eyodwa yeqembu lawo le-hydrophobic akhangisa phezu kwezinhlayiya zoketshezi ezingancibiliki (njengowoyela), kuyilapho iqembu le-hydrophilic lidlulela emanzini. Ama-surfactants ahlelwa ngokuqondisa phezu kwezinhlayiya eziwuketshezi ukuze enze ifilimu ye-hydrophilic adsorption (ifilimu ehlangene), ukuze kuncishiswe ukukhangana phakathi kwamaconsi, kunciphise ukungezwani okungaphezulu phakathi kwezigaba ezimbili, futhi kukhuthaze ukuhlakazeka okuhlangene ukuze kwakhe ama-emulsions.

Ukugxiliswa kwe-surfactant kunomthelela oqondile emandleni e-mask yobuso obuhlangene nobuso. Ngokugxila okuphezulu, kunama-molecule amaningi e-surfactant akhangisiwe kusixhumi esibonakalayo, akha imaski yobuso eqinile futhi eqinile.

Ama-emulsifiers ahlukene anemiphumela ehlukile yokuhlanganisa, kanye nenani elidingekayo ukuze kuzuzwe umphumela ophelele wokulingisa nalo liyahlukahluka. Ngokuvamile, lapho amandla amangqamuzana e-emulsifier akha isifihla-buso esiwumngcele, ayanda amandla efilimu, futhi okugcotshwayo kuzinze ngokwengeziwe; Ngokuphambene nalokho, amandla amancane, amandla efilimu aphansi, futhi i-emulsion engazinzile.

Uma kukhona ama-molecule e-polar organic afana ne-fatty alcohol, i-fatty acid kanye ne-fatty amine kumaski yobuso, amandla olwelwesi athuthukiswa kakhulu. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ama-molecule e-emulsifier asebenzisana nama-molecule e-polar afana notshwala, i-asidi ne-amine kusendlalelo se-adsorption yesixhumi esibonakalayo ukuze akhe inkimbinkimbi, okwandisa amandla esixhumi esibonakalayo semaski yobuso.

I-emulsifier eyakhiwe ngama-surfactants angaphezu kwamabili i-emulsifier exubile. Ngenxa yokusebenzelana okuqinile phakathi kwama-molecule, ukungezwani kobuso kuncipha kakhulu, inani le-emulsifier elikhangiswa kusixhumi esibonakalayo liyakhula kakhulu, futhi ukuminyana namandla emaski yobuso obuhlangene obunjiwe kuyakhuphuka.

Ngesikhathi sokwakhiwa kwe-emulsion, ukungezwani phakathi kwamafutha namanzi kuyancipha kakhulu ngenxa yokubamba iqhaza kwama-surfactants, futhi kuba i-emulsion ezinzile. Kodwa-ke, kusekhona ukungezwani kobuso bukawoyela namanzi ku-emulsion engakwazi ukufinyelela ku-zero ngenxa ye-CMC noma imikhawulo yokuncibilika. Ngakho-ke, i-lotion iyisistimu engazinzile ye-thermodynamic.

Ukungezwani phakathi kobuso phakathi kwamafutha namanzi emulsion encane kuphansi kangangokuthi akunakulinganiswa. Kuyisistimu ezinzile ye-thermodynamic. Lokhu kufezwa ngokuyinhloko ngokungeza uhlobo lwesibili lwe-surfactant olunezici ezihluke ngokuphelele (njengotshwala obulinganiselwe obufana ne-pentanol, i-hexanol, ne-heptanol, eyaziwa ngokuthi ama-co surfactants), okungase kunciphise nakakhulu ukungezwani kobuso kube sezingeni elincane kakhulu, kuze kuphumele ngisho namanani amabi asheshayo. Lokhu kungachazwa nge-equation ye-Gibbs ye-adsorption yamasistimu anezingxenye eziningi.

 

3. Uhlobo lwe-emulsion

Uhlobo

I-emulsion evamile , isigaba esisodwa singamanzi noma isixazululo esinamanzi, kanti esinye siyizinto eziphilayo ezingancibiliki emanzini, njengamafutha, i-wax, njll.i-emulsion eyakhiwe ngamanzi namafutha ingahlukaniswa ngezinhlobo ezintathu:

(a) Amafutha ohlotsheni lwamanzi (O'W)
(e) Ubisi oluhlanganisiwe (W/O/W)
(b) Uwoyela ohlotsheni lwamanzi (W/O)

(1) Amafutha/amanzi (0/W) emulsion, amafutha ahlakazeke emanzini. Amafutha yisigaba esihlakazekile (isigaba sangaphakathi), futhi amanzi yisigaba esiqhubekayo (isigaba sangaphandle) samafutha ku-emulsion yamanzi, engahlanjululwa ngamanzi. Okufana nobisi, ubisi lwesoya, njll.

(2) Amanzi/amafutha (W/0) emulsion, amanzi ahlakazeke emafutheni. Amanzi yisigaba esihlakazekile (isigaba sangaphakathi) kanti uwoyela uyisigaba esiqhubekayo (isigaba sangaphandle) samanzi ku-emulsion yamafutha. Lolu hlobo lwe-emulsion lungahlanjululwa ngamafutha. Njengebhotela lokwenziwa, uwoyela ongahluziwe, njll.

3 uwoyela ongahluziwe.

 

Indlela yokuhlola uhlobo lwe-emulsion

(1) Indlela yokuhlanza

Nciphisa i-emulsion ngoketshezi olufanayo njengesigaba esiqhubekayo. I-emulsion encibilikayo emanzini iwuhlobo lwamafutha/amanzi, kanti i-emulsion encibilikayo yamafutha iwuhlobo lwamanzi/amafutha.
Isibonelo, ubisi lungahlanjululwa ngamanzi, kodwa alukwazi ukuxutshwa namafutha emifino. Kuyabonakala ukuthi ubisi yi-O/W emulsion.

(2) Indlela yokuqhuba

I-conductivity yamanzi namafutha ihluke kakhulu, futhi ukuqhutshwa kwe-emulsion yamafutha / amanzi kukhulu izikhathi ezingamakhulu kunaleyo yamanzi / amafutha. Ngakho-ke, ama-electrode amabili afakwe ku-emulsion futhi i-neon ixhunywe ochungechungeni ku-loop, futhi ukukhanya kwamafutha / amanzi kuvuliwe.

(3) Indlela yokufaka amabala

Engeza amaconsi angu-2-3 amadayi asekelwe kumafutha noma asekelwe emanzini ku-tube yokuhlola, futhi wahlulele uhlobo lwe-emulsion ngokusho ukuthi yiluphi uhlobo lukadayi olungenza isigaba esiqhubekayo sibe nombala olinganayo.

(4) Hlunga indlela yokumanzisa iphepha

Beka amafutha ephepheni lokuhlunga. Uma uketshezi lungakhula ngokushesha futhi ithonsi elincane lishiywe phakathi nendawo, i-lotion ingamafutha emanzini; uma amaconsi e-lotion engakhuli, amafutha ohlobo lwamanzi.

(5) Indlela ye-Optical refraction

Inkomba ehlukile ye-refractive yamanzi namafutha kuya ekukhanyeni isetshenziselwa ukukhomba uhlobo lwe-emulsion. Uma i-emulsion ingamafutha emanzini, izinhlayiya zidlala indima yokuqoqa ukukhanya, futhi kuphela uhlaka olungakwesokunxele lwezinhlayiya lungabonakala nge-microscope; Uma i-emulsion ingamanzi emafutheni, izinhlayiya zidlala indima ye-astigmatism, futhi kuphela uhlaka olufanele lwezinhlayiya lungabonakala nge-microscope;

Izici eziyinhloko ezithinta uhlobo lwe-emulsion

(1)Ivolumu yesigaba:

Ithiyori yevolumu yesigaba yahlongozwa ngu-0stwald ngokombono wejometri. Umbono uwukuthi uma kucatshangwa ukuthi ubuhlalu obuwuketshezi beloshini bulingana nobukhulu obufanayo nama-sphere aqinile, ingxenye yevolumu yesigaba yobuhlalu obuwuketshezi ingabalela kuphela u-74.02% wevolumu iyonke uma igcwele kakhulu. Uma ivolumu yesigaba inombolo ebalulekile yobuhlalu obuwuketshezi ingaphezu kuka-74.02%, iloshini izokhubazeka noma yonakaliswe.

(a) Uniform droplet rich pile emulsion elukiweyo
(b) I-emulsion enqwabelene yamaconsi angalingani
(c) Amaconsi awuketshezi angewona ayindilinga adinga ukunqwabelana kanye ne-emulsion (engazinzile)

Thatha i-emulsion yohlobo lwe-O/W njengesibonelo, uma inombolo ebalulekile yamafutha yesigaba ingaphezu kuka-74.02%, i-emulsion ingakwazi ukwakha uhlobo lwe-W/0 kuphela, lapho uhlobo lwe-O/i lungaphansi kuka-25.98%, futhi uma ingxenyenamba ingu-25.98% -74.02%, ingase yakhe uhlobo lwe-0/W noma i-W0.

 

Isakhiwo samangqamuzana kanye nezakhiwo zama-Emulsifiers - I-Wedge Theory

Ithiyori ye-wedge isekelwe esakhiweni sendawo sama-emulsifiers ukucacisa uhlobo lwe-emulsion. Ithiyori ye-wedge iphakamisa ukuthi izindawo eziphambanayo zamaqembu e-hydrophilic kanye ne-hydrophobic kuma-emulsifiers azilingani. Ama-molecule e-emulsifiers abhekwa njengama-wedges, omunye umkhawulo ube mkhulu futhi omunye ube mncane. Isiphetho esincane se-emulsifier singafakwa ebusweni be-droplet njenge-wedge futhi ihlelwe ngendlela eqondisayo ku-interface yamanzi kawoyela. I-hydrophilic polar end idlulela esigabeni esinamanzi, kuyilapho iketango le-lipophilic hydrocarbon lidlulela esigabeni sikawoyela, okuholela ekwandeni kwamandla okusebenzelana kobuso.

 

Umthelela we-Emulsifier Material ohlotsheni lwe-emulsion

Ngaphandle kwethonya lezici ezifana nezinto zokwakha i-emulsion kanye nezimo zokwenza i-emulsion, izimo zangaphandle nazo zinomthelela ohlotsheni lwe-emulsion. Isibonelo, imvelo ye-hydrophilic ne-lipophilic yodonga lwe-emulsion inamandla, futhi i-emulsion ye-O/W kulula ukwakha lapho imvelo ye-hydrophilic yodonga lwe-emulsion inamandla, kuyilapho i-emulsion ye-W/0 ilula ukwakha lapho imvelo ye-lipophilic yodonga lwe-emulsion inamandla. Isizathu siwukuthi i-liquid idinga ukugcina ungqimba lwesigaba esiqhubekayo odongeni, ukuze kungabi lula ukuhlakazeka ebuhlalu obuketshezi lapho inyakaza. Ingilazi ine-hydrophilic kuyilapho ipulasitiki i-hydrophobic, ngakho-ke eyokuqala ijwayele ukwenza ama-emulsions e-O/W kuyilapho eyokugcina ijwayele ukwenza ama-emulsions e-W/0.

 

Ithiyori ye-Aggregation Velocity yezigaba ezimbili

Ithiyori yejubane lokuhlangana iqala ethonyeni lejubane lokuhlangana kwezinhlobo ezimbili zamaconsi ezakha i-emulsion ku-emulsion, futhi ijaji ukuthi ijubane lokuhlangana kwezinhlobo ezimbili zamaconsi lincike ejubaneni lokuhlangana kwezinhlobo ezimbili zamaconsi lapho i-emulsion, ushaka, kanye nokubulala ndawonye ukumboza isidingo.

 

Izinga lokushisa

Ukwanda kwezinga lokushisa kuzokwehlisa izinga le-hydration lamaqembu e-hydrophilic, ngaleyo ndlela kunciphise i-hydrophilicity yama-molecule. Ngakho-ke, i-emulsion engu-0/w eyakhiwe emazingeni okushisa aphansi ingase iguquke ibe i-emulsion ye-W/0 lapho ishisa. Lokhu kushintshwa kwezinga lokushisa izinga lokushisa lapho izici ze-hydrophilic kanye ne-lipophilic ze-surfactant zifinyelela ukulingana okufanele, okwaziwa ngokuthi izinga lokushisa lokushintsha kwesigaba PIT.

Kodwa-ke, lapho ukugxila kwe-emulsifier kukhulu ngokwanele ukuze kunqobe ithonya lempahla yokumanzisa yezinto ze-emulsifier, uhlobo lwe-emulsion olwakhiwe luncike kuphela esimweni se-emulsifier ngokwayo futhi aluhlangene nhlobo ne-hydrophilicity kanye ne-lipophilicity yodonga lomkhumbi.