Ngokuvamile, isigaba esisodwa se-emulsion siyisisombululo samanzi noma samanzi, esibizwa ngokuthi isigaba samanzi; Esinye isigaba yisigaba esiphilayo esingenakuqhathaniswa ngamanzi, esaziwa ngokuthi yi-OIL Phase.

1, ukuhlukaniswa

Izindlela ezintathu zokuhlukaniswa:

1. Kuhlukaniswe ngumthombo: Imikhiqizo yemvelo nemikhiqizo yokwenziwa;

2. Kuhlukaniswe ngesisindo se-molecular: ama-emulsifiers aphansi aphansi (C10-C20) kanye nama-emulfiers aphezulu wesisindo se-molecular (C izinkulungwane);

I-3. Ngokuka-ke ingahle inothise kusisombululo esinamanzi, kungahlukaniswa ngohlobo lwe-Ionic (anion, amazabelo kanye nama-anions namazations) nohlobo olungelona olu-ionic.

Le yindlela esetshenziswa kakhulu yokuhlukaniswa.

 

2, umsebenzi kanye nomgomo wama-emulsifiers

Umsebenzi oyinhloko wama-emulsifiers ukunciphisa ukungezwani komhlaba koketshezi ezimbili ezivezwa. Ngakho-ke, lapho kusetshenziswa ama-surfactants njengama-emulsifiers, ukuphela okukodwa kwama-adedorboobic group adssorbs ngaphakathi kwezinhlayiya ze-insoluble ketshezi (njengamafutha), ngenkathi iqembu le-hydrophilic lifinyelela emanzini. Ama-surfactants ahlelwe kahle ebusweni bezinhlayiya zamanzi ukwakha ifilimu eli-hydrophilic adsorption (ifilimu lokuzijabulisa), ukuze anciphise ukungezwani phakathi kwamaconsi, futhi athuthukise ukungezwani komhlaba phakathi kwezigaba ezimbili, futhi akhuthaze ukuhlakazeka komunyu ukwenza ama-emulsions.

Ukuhlushwa kwe-surfactant kunomthelela oqondile emandleni weMask yobuso bobuso be-interfacial. Ngokugxila okuphezulu, kunama-molekyuli amaningi asetshenziswayo ase-adsorbed esibonakalayo, akha imaskhi ebunye futhi eqinile.

Ama-emulsifiers ahlukene anemiphumela ehlukile ye-emulsation, kanye nenani elidingekayo ukufezekisa umphumela we-emulsal oplication futhi kuyahluka. Ngokuvamile, lapho amandla amakhulu e-emulsifier akha umngcele wobuso, aphakamisa amandla amafilimu, futhi azenza i-lotion; Ngokuphambene nalokho, mancane amandla, anciphisa amandla amafilimu, kanye ne-emulsion.

Lapho kunama-molecule e-polar arganic afana notshwala onamafutha, i-fatty acid kanye namafutha amine endaweni yobuso, amandla olwelwesi athuthukiswa kakhulu. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ama-molecule e-emulsifier asebenzisana nama-polar molecule anjenge-alcohol, acid kanye ne-anine engxenyeni ye-adsorption ye-interface ukwakha i-complece, ekhulisa amandla we-interface sobuso mask.

I-emulsifier eyakhiwe ngaphezulu kwama-surfactants angaphezu kwamabili i-emulsifier exubile. Ngenxa yokuxhumana okunamandla phakathi kwama-molecule, ukungezwani kwe-interfacial kuncishiswa kakhulu, inani le-emulsifier adsorbed esibonakalayo likhuphuke kakhulu, futhi amandla obuso bobuso obuhleliwe.

Ngesikhathi sokwakhiwa kwe-emulsion, ukungezwani kwengculazi phakathi kwamafutha namanzi kuncishiswe kakhulu ngenxa yokubamba iqhaza kwama-surficactants, futhi kuba yi-emulsion ezinzile. Kodwa-ke, kusekhona ukungezwani kwamanzi okuthe xaxa emulsion okungakwazi ukufinyelela zero ngenxa yemikhawulo ye-CMC noma ye-solubity. Ngakho-ke, iLoti i-Thermodynamic system engazinzile.

Ukungezwani kwe-interfacial phakathi kwamafutha namanzi e-micro emulsion kuphansi kangangokuba akunakulinganiswa. Kuyinto uhlelo oluzinzile lwe-thermodynamic. Lokhu kutholakala ikakhulukazi ngokungeza uhlobo lwesibili lwe-surving ngezakhiwo ezihluke ngokuphelele (ezinjengotshwala obukhulu obufana nePentanol, i-Hexanol ne-HestTanol, ezingase zinciphise ukungezwani okuthe xaxa, kungahle kunciphise amanani amabi angenampilo. Lokhu kungachazwa yi-gibbs 'adsorption equation yezinhlelo eziningi zezakhi.

 

3, Uhlobo lwe-emulsion

Ukuthayipha

I-Emulsion ejwayelekile, isigaba esisodwa siyikhambi lamanzi noma elinamanzi, kanti elinye liyinto eziphikisayo ezingenawo amanzi, njengamafutha, i-wax, njll.emulsion eyakhiwe ngamanzi namafutha kungahlukaniswa ngezinhlobo ezintathu:

(a) uwoyela ohlobo lwamanzi (o'w)
(e) ubisi oluhlanganisiwe (w / o / w)
(b) Amafutha ohlobo lwamanzi (W / O)

(1) Amafutha / Amanzi (0 / w) emulsion, uwoyela ohlakazekile emanzini. I-Oyili yisigaba esihlakazekile (isigaba sangaphakathi), namanzi yisigaba esiqhubekayo (isigaba sangaphandle) uwoyela emulsion wamanzi, ongahlanjululwa ngamanzi. Njengobisi, ubisi lwesoya, njll.

(2) Amanzi / Amafutha (W / 0) emulsion, amanzi ahlakazeka emafutheni. Amanzi yisigaba esihlakazekile (isigaba sangaphakathi) kanye namafutha yisigaba esiqhubekayo (isigaba sangaphandle) samanzi emulsion kawoyela. Lolu hlobo lwe-emulsion lungahlanjululwe ngamafutha. Njengebhotela lokufakelwa, uwoyela ongahluziwe, njll.

. uwoyela.

 

Indlela yokuhlola uhlobo lwe-emulsion

(1) I-Dilution indlela

Dlulisa i-emulsion nge-ketshezi efanayo njengesigaba esiqhubekayo. I-Emulsion esothayo yamanzi inguhlobo lwamafutha / wamanzi, futhi i-emulsion ethokomele kawoyela iyi-water / oyela uhlobo.
Isibonelo, ubisi lungahlanjululwa ngamanzi, kepha lungakwazi ukungazinzi ngamafutha zemifino. Kungabonakala ukuthi ubisi luyi-O / W emulsion.

(2) Indlela evuthayo

Ukuvuselelwa kwamanzi no-oyela kuyahluka kakhulu, futhi ukuvumelanisa kwamafutha / ama-emulsion wamanzi kumakhulu ezikhathi ezikhulu kunelawowazi / uwoyela. Ngakho-ke, ama-elektrodi amabili afakwa ku-emulsion ne-neon kuxhunyiwe kuchungechunge ku-loop, kanye nokukhanya kwamafutha / kwamanzi kuvuliwe.

(3) indlela yokubala

Faka amaconsi ama-2-3 ama-dys asuselwa kuwoyela noma asuselwa emanzini ku-tube yokuhlola, futhi ahlulele uhlobo lwe-emulsion ngokusho kodayi olungenza ukuthi isigaba esiqhubekayo singenza lube luni lwesigaba esiqhubekayo.

(4) Hlunga Indlela Yokumanzisa Iphepha

Donsela i-lotion ephepheni lokuhlunga. Uma uketshezi lungakhula ngokushesha futhi ithonsi elincane lishiywe enkabeni, i-lotion ingamafutha emanzini; Uma amaconsi e-lotion engandisi, uwoyela ngohlobo lwamanzi.

(5) Indlela yokuqasha kabusha ye-Optical Refraction

Inkomba ehlukile ye-Deunt yamanzi kanye namafutha okukhanya kusetshenziselwa ukukhomba uhlobo lwe-emulsion. Uma i-emulsion ingamafutha emanzini, izinhlayiya zidlala indima ekhanyayo yokuqoqa, futhi kuphela uhlaka lwesobunxele lwezinhlayiya olungabonakala ngesibonakhulu; Uma i-emulsion ingamanzi emafutheni, izinhlayiya zidlala indima ye-atigmatism, futhi kuphela uhlaka olufanele lwezinhlayiya olungabonakala ngesibonakhulu;

Izici eziphambili ezithinta uhlobo lwe-emulsion

(1) Umthamo Wesigaba:

I-theory yevolumu yesigaba iphakanyiswe ngu-0stwald kusuka ekubukeni kwejometri. Umbono ukuthi ucabanga ukuthi ubuhlalu obuwuketshezi be-lotion bukhulu obufanayo futhi luqine amabala, ingxenye yevolumu yesigaba yobuhlalu uketshezi ingaba yi-74.02% yevolumu ephelele lapho igcwele kakhulu. Uma inani elihlangene lesigaba sobuhlalu uketshezi likhulu kune-74.02%, i-lotion izolimala noma yonakele.

(a) I-Uniform Droplet ecebile inqwaba elukiwe emulsion
.
.

Thatha i-O / W hlobo nohlobo Emulsion njengesibonelo, uma isibalo samafutha esihlangene sikhulu kune-74.02%, i-emulsion ingakha kuphela i-w / 0

 

Ukwakheka kwamangqamuzana nezakhiwo zama-emulsifiers - Ithiyori ye-Wedge

I-wedge theory isuselwa esakhiweni sendawo sama-emulsiferiers ukuthola uhlobo lwe-emulsion. I-Wedge Theory iphakamisa ukuthi izindawo eziphambanisa izigaba zamaqembu e-hydrophilic ne-hydrophobic kuma-emulsifiers azilingani. Ama-molecule ama-emulsifiers abukwa njengama-wedges, ngokuphela okukodwa okukhulu nezinye ezincane. Ukuphela okuncane kwe-emulsifier kungafakwa ebusweni be-Droplet njenge-wedge futhi kuhlelwe ngendlela eqondile esibonakalayo samanzi. I-hydrophilic polar end inwebeka esigabeni esinamanzi, kanti i-lipophilic hydrocarbon chain ifinyelela esigabeni samafutha, okuholela ekutheni kwanda amandla okuzijabulisa.

 

Ithonya lezinto ezibonakalayo ze-emulsifier ngohlobo lwe-emulsion

Ngaphezu kwethonya lezinto ezifana nezinto zokwakhiwa kwe-emulsion kanye nemibandela yokwakha i-Emulsion, izimo zangaphandle nazo zinomthelela ohlolweni lwe-emulsion. Isibonelo, imvelo ye-hydrophilic ne-lipophilic yodonga lwe-emulsion iqinile, futhi o / w emulsion kulula ukwakha lapho imvelo ye-emulsion iqinile, kanti u-W / 0 emulsion kulula ukwakha lapho imvelo ye-lipophilic yodonga lwe-emulsion iqinile. Isizathu ukuthi uketshezi ludinga ukugcina ungqimba lwesigaba esiqhubekayo odongeni, ukuze kube lula ukusatshalaliswa kubuhlalu oluwuketshezi lapho kuvusa. I-Glass yi-hydrophilic ngenkathi ipulasitiki i-hydrophobic, ngakho-ke okwedlule kuthambekele ekwakheni ama-O / W ama-Emulsion ngenkathi owokugcina ethambekele ekwakheni i-W / 0 Emulsions.

 

Umbono we-aggregation velocity yezigaba ezimbili

I-Coalescence Speed ​​theory iqala kusuka ethafeni lejubane lama-Coalescence lezinhlobo ezimbili zamaconsi ezakha i-emulsion enesivinini sokulungisa amaconsi ezinhlobo ezimbili zamaconsi lapho i-emulsion, ushaka, futhi ibulala ndawonye isembozo.

 

Izinga lokushisa nokubanda

Ukwanda kwamazinga okushisa kuzokwehlisa izinga le-hydration lamaqembu we-hydrophilic, ngaleyo ndlela kunciphise i-hydrophicity yama-molecule. Ngakho-ke, i-emulsion engu-0 / W eyakhiwe emazingeni okushisa aphansi ingaguqula ibe yi-W / 0 emulsion lapho ifudumeza phezulu. Lokhu kushisa okuguqukayo kungamazinga okushisa lapho izakhiwo ze-hydrophilic ne-lipophilic ze-surdicilent zifinyelela khona ukulingana okufanele, ezaziwa ngokuthi umgodi wokushisa wesigaba.

Kodwa-ke, lapho ukugcwala kwe-emulsifier kukhulu ngokwanele ukunqoba ithonya lesakhiwo esimanzi se-emulsifier impahla uqobo, kwakhiwa uhlobo lwe-emulsifier uqobo futhi alunalutho nge-hydrophicier kanye ne-lipophility yodonga lomkhumbi.