Le ndatshana igxile endleleni elwa namagciwane ye-Gemini Surfactants, okulindeleke ukuthi isebenze kahle ekubulaleni amagciwane futhi inganikeza usizo oluthile ekwehliseni ijubane ukusabalala kwama-coronavirus amasha.
I-Surfactant, okuyisifinyezo semisho ethi Surface, Active kanye ne-Agent. Ama-surfactants yizinto ezisebenzayo ezindaweni ezingaphezulu nasezinkundleni zokuxhumana futhi ezinekhono eliphezulu kakhulu nokusebenza kahle ekwehliseni ukungezwani kwendawo (umngcele), okwakha ama-assemblies ahlelwe ngama-molecularly ezixazululweni ezingaphezulu kokugxiliswa okuthile futhi ngaleyo ndlela abe nohlu lwemisebenzi yohlelo lokusebenza. Ama-surfactants ane-dispersibility enhle, ukumanzisa, amandla e-emulsification, kanye nezakhiwo ze-antistatic, futhi asephenduke izinto ezibalulekile zokuthuthukiswa kwemikhakha eminingi, kuhlanganise nomkhakha wamakhemikhali amahle, futhi abe negalelo elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni izinqubo, ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla, kanye nokwandisa ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza. . Ngokuthuthuka komphakathi kanye nenqubekelaphambili eqhubekayo yezinga lezimboni zomhlaba, ukusetshenziswa kwama-surfactants kuye kwasakazeka kancane kancane kusuka kumakhemikhali asetshenziswa nsuku zonke kuya emikhakheni ehlukahlukene yomnotho wezwe, njengama-antibacterial agents, izithasiselo zokudla, izinkambu zamandla amasha, ukwelashwa okungcolile kanye biopharmaceuticals.
Ama-surfactants avamile ayinhlanganisela "ye-amphiphilic" ehlanganisa amaqembu e-polar hydrophilic kanye namaqembu e-nonpolar hydrophobic, futhi izakhiwo zawo zamangqamuzana ziboniswa kuMfanekiso 1(a).
Njengamanje, ngokuthuthukiswa kokucwengwa kanye nokuhlelwa kwesistimu embonini yokukhiqiza, isidingo sezakhiwo ze-surfactant enqubweni yokukhiqiza sikhula kancane kancane, ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukuthola nokuthuthukisa ama-surfactants anezakhiwo eziphezulu eziphezulu kanye nezakhiwo ezikhethekile. Ukutholakala kwe-Gemini Surfactants kuvala lezi zikhala futhi kuhlangabezana nezidingo zokukhiqizwa kwezimboni. I-Gemini surfactant evamile iyinhlanganisela enamaqembu amabili e-hydrophilic (ngokuvamile i-ionic noma i-nonionic enezakhiwo ze-hydrophilic) kanye namaketanga amabili e-alkyl e-hydrophobic.
Njengoba kukhonjisiwe kuMfanekiso 1(b), ngokungafani nama-surfactants e-single-chain avamile, ama-Gemini Surfactants axhumanisa amaqembu amabili e-hydrophilic ndawonye ngeqembu elixhumanisayo (spacer). Ngamafuphi, isakhiwo se-Gemini surfactant singaqondwa njengokwakhiwa ngokuhlanganisa ngobuhlakani amaqembu amabili amakhanda angama-hydrophilic we-surfactant evamile kanye neqembu lokuxhumanisa.
Isakhiwo esikhethekile seGemini Surfactant siholela ekusebenzeni kwayo okuphezulu, okubangelwa ikakhulukazi:
(1) umthelela othuthukisiwe we-hydrophobic wamaketango amabili emsila we-hydrophobic we-molecule ye-Gemini Surfactant kanye nokuthambekela okwandisiwe kwe-surfactant ukushiya isixazululo esinamanzi.
(2) Ukuthambekela kwamaqembu ekhanda le-hydrophilic ukuhlukana komunye nomunye, ikakhulukazi amaqembu amakhanda e-ionic ngenxa yokunyanyiswa kwe-electrostatic, kwenziwa buthaka kakhulu ngenxa yethonya le-spacer;
(3) Isakhiwo esikhethekile se-Gemini Surfactants sithinta ukuziphatha kwabo kokuhlanganisa esixazululweni samanzi, okubanika i-morphology yokuhlanganisa eyinkimbinkimbi futhi eguquguqukayo.
Ama-Gemini Surfactants anomsebenzi ophezulu wendawo (umngcele), ukugxila okuphansi kwe-micelle okubalulekile, ukumanzisa okungcono, ikhono lokufaka i-emulsification kanye nekhono lokulwa namagciwane uma kuqhathaniswa nama-surfactants avamile. Ngakho-ke, ukuthuthukiswa kanye nokusetshenziswa kwama-Gemini Surfactants kubaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni nasekusetshenzisweni kwama-surfactants.
"Isakhiwo se-amphiphilic" sama-surfactants avamile sibanika izakhiwo eziyingqayizivele ezingaphezulu. Njengoba kuboniswe ku-Figure 1 (c), lapho i-surfactant evamile yengezwa emanzini, iqembu lekhanda le-hydrophilic livame ukuncibilika ngaphakathi kwesisombululo samanzi, futhi iqembu le-hydrophobic livimbela ukuchithwa kwe-molecule ye-surfactant emanzini. Ngaphansi komphumela ohlanganisiwe walawa mathrendi amabili, ama-molecule e-surfactant anothiswa kusixhumi esibonakalayo soketshezi lwegesi futhi ahleleke ngendlela ehlelekile, ngaleyo ndlela ehlisa ukushuba kwesimo samanzi. Ngokungafani nama-surfactants avamile, ama-Gemini Surfactants "ama-dimers" axhumanisa ama-surfactants avamile ndawonye ngamaqembu e-spacer, anganciphisa ukungezwani okungaphezulu kwamanzi kanye nokungezwani kobuso bukawoyela/amanzi ngokuphumelelayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-Gemini Surfactants anezinga eliphansi le-micelle elibucayi, ukuncibilika okungcono kwamanzi, i-emulsification, ukwenza amagwebu, ukumanzisa kanye nezindawo zokulwa namagciwane.
| Ukwethulwa kwama-Gemini Surfactants Ngo-1991, uMenger noLittau [13] balungisa i-bis-alkyl chain surfactant yokuqala neqembu eliqinile lokuxhumanisa, futhi baliqamba ngokuthi "Gemini surfactant". Ngawo lowo nyaka, uZana et al [14] walungiselela uchungechunge lwe-quaternary ammonium salt Gemini Surfactants okokuqala futhi waphenya ngokuhlelekile izakhiwo zalolu chungechunge lwe-quaternary ammonium salt Gemini Surfactants. Ngo-1996, abacwaningi bahlanganisa futhi baxoxisana ngokuziphatha okungaphezulu (komngcele), izakhiwo zokuhlanganisa, i-rheology yesisombululo kanye nokuziphatha kwesigaba sama-Gemini Surfactants ahlukene lapho kuhlanganiswe nama-surfactants avamile. Ngo-2002, u-Zana [15] waphenya umthelela wamaqembu ahlukene okuxhumanisa ekuziphatheni kokuhlanganiswa kwama-Gemini Surfactants esixazululweni se-aqueous, umsebenzi owathuthukisa kakhulu ukuthuthukiswa kwama-surfactants futhi wawubaluleke kakhulu. Kamuva, u-Qiu et al [16] wasungula indlela entsha yokuhlanganiswa kwe-Gemini Surfactants equkethe izakhiwo ezikhethekile ezisekelwe ku-cetyl bromide kanye ne-4-amino-3,5-dihydroxymethyl-1,2,4-triazole, eyathuthukisa indlela I-Gemini Surfactant synthesis. |
Ucwaningo lwama-Gemini Surfactants e-China luqale sekwephuzile; ngo-1999, uJianxi Zhao waseFuzhou University wenza ukubuyekezwa okuhlelekile kocwaningo lwangaphandle mayelana nama-Gemini Surfactants futhi wadonsa ukunaka kwezikhungo eziningi zocwaningo eChina. Ngemuva kwalokho, ucwaningo lwama-Gemini Surfactants e-China lwaqala ukuchuma futhi lwathola imiphumela enezithelo. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, abacwaningi baye bazinikela ekuthuthukiseni ama-Gemini Surfactants amasha kanye nocwaningo lwezakhiwo zabo ze-physicochemical ezihlobene. Ngasikhathi sinye, ukusetshenziswa kwe-Gemini Surfactants kuye kwathuthukiswa kancane kancane emikhakheni yokuvala inzalo kanye ne-antibacterial, ukukhiqizwa kokudla, ukuqeda amagwebu kanye nokuvimbela amagwebu, ukukhishwa kancane kwezidakamizwa nokuhlanza izimboni. Ngokusekelwe ekutheni amaqembu e-hydrophilic kuma-molecule e-surfactant ayakhokhiswa noma cha kanye nohlobo lokushaja aluphathayo, ama-Gemini Surfactants angahlukaniswa abe izigaba ezilandelayo: i-cationic, i-anionic, i-nonionic ne-amphoteric Gemini Surfactants. Phakathi kwazo, ama-Gemini Surfactants e-cationic ngokuvamile abhekisela ku-quaternary ammonium noma i-ammonium salt Gemini Surfactants, ama-anionic Gemini Surfactants ikakhulukazi abhekisela kuma-Gemini Surfactants amaqembu awo angama-hydrophilic ayi-sulfonic acid, i-phosphate ne-carboxylic acid, kuyilapho ama-nonionic Gemini Surfactants iningi lawo li-polyoxyethylene Gemini.
1.1 Ama-Cationic Gemini Surfactants
Ama-Cationic Gemini Surfactants angakwazi ukuhlukanisa ama-cations ezixazululweni ezinamanzi, ikakhulukazi i-ammonium ne-quaternary ammonium salt Gemini Surfactants. I-Cationic Gemini Surfactants inokubola okuhle kwe-biodegradability, ikhono eliqinile lokuqeda ukungcola, izakhiwo zamakhemikhali ezizinzile, ubuthi obuphansi, isakhiwo esilula, ukuhlanganiswa okulula, ukuhlukaniswa okulula nokuhlanzwa, futhi inezici ze-bactericidal, i-anticorrosion, izakhiwo ze-antistatic kanye nokuthambile.
Ama-Gemini Surfactants ase-quaternary ammonium salt-based based salt-based alungiswa kusuka kuma-amine asezingeni eliphakeme ngokusabela kwe-alkylation. Kunezindlela ezimbili zokwenziwa eziyinhloko ngale ndlela elandelayo: enye iwukuba i-quaternize i-alkanes efakwe endaweni ye-dibromo kanye ne-single-chain-long-chain alkyl dimethyl tertiary amines; enye ihlanganisa i-1-bromo-substituted long-chain alkanes kanye ne-N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl alkyl diamines ne-anhydrous ethanol njengesinyibilikisi kanye ne-reflux yokufudumeza. Kodwa-ke, ama-alkane afakwe esikhundleni se-dibromo abiza kakhulu futhi avamise ukuhlanganiswa ngendlela yesibili, futhi isibalo sokusabela siboniswa kuMfanekiso 2.
1.2 Ama-Anionic Gemini Surfactants
Ama-Anionic Gemini Surfactants angakwazi ukuhlukanisa ama-anion esixazululweni esinamanzi, ikakhulukazi ama-sulfonates, usawoti we-sulfate, ama-carboxylates nosawoti we-phosphate uhlobo lwe-Gemini Surfactants. Ama-anionic surfactants anezakhiwo ezingcono ezifana nokuqeda ukungcola, ukukhihliza amagwebu, ukuhlakazwa, ukufakwa kwe-emulsification kanye nokumanzisa, futhi asetshenziswa kakhulu njengezihlanzi, izinto ezikhipha amagwebu, izinto ezimanzisa, izifanisi kanye nezisakazi.
1.2.1 Ama-sulfonates
Ama-biosurfactants asekelwe ku-sulfonate anezinzuzo zokuncibilika kahle kwamanzi, ukumanzisa okuhle, izinga lokushisa elihle nokumelana nosawoti, ukugezwa okuhle, namandla okuhlakazeka aqinile, futhi asetshenziswa kabanzi njengezihlanzi, izinto ezikhipha amagwebu, izinto zokumanzisa, izifaki-emmulsifiers, nezisabalalisi ku-petroleum, imboni yendwangu, namakhemikhali asetshenziswa nsuku zonke ngenxa yemithombo yawo ebanzi uma kuqhathaniswa yezinto ezingavuthiwe, izinqubo zokukhiqiza ezilula, nezindleko eziphansi. U-Li et al uhlanganise uchungechunge lwe-dialkyl disulfonic acid entsha ye-Gemini Surfactants (2Cn-SCT), i-sulfonate-type baryonic surfactant ejwayelekile, esebenzisa i-trichloramine, i-aliphatic amine ne-taurine njengezinto zokusetshenziswa ekuphenduleni okuyizinyathelo ezintathu.
1.2.2 Usawoti wesulfate
I-sulfate ester salts surfactants ene-sulfate ester salts surfactants inezinzuzo zokungezwani okuphansi kwe-ultra-low, umsebenzi ophezulu ongaphezulu, ukuncibilika okuhle kwamanzi, umthombo obanzi wezinto zokusetshenziswa kanye nokuhlanganisa okulula. Iphinde ibe nokusebenza okuhle kokuwasha kanye nekhono lokugwedla, ukusebenza okuzinzile emanzini aqinile, nosawoti we-sulfate ester awuthathi hlangothi noma une-alkaline kancane esixazululweni esinamanzi. Njengoba kukhonjisiwe kuMfanekiso 3, u-Sun Dong et al wasebenzisa i-lauric acid ne-polyethylene glycol njengezinto zokusetshenziswa eziyinhloko futhi wengeza amabhondi e-sulfate ester ngokushintshanisa, ukusabela kwe-esterification nokungezwa, ngaleyo ndlela kuhlanganiswe i-sulfate ester yosawoti uhlobo lwe-baryonic surfactant-GA12-S-12.
1.2.3 Usawoti we-Carboxylic acid
Ama-Gemini Surfactants asekelwe ku-Carboxylate avame ukuba mnene, aluhlaza, abola kalula futhi anomthombo ocebile wezinto zokusetshenziswa zemvelo, izakhiwo ze-chelating zensimbi ephezulu, ukumelana kahle kwamanzi aqinile kanye nokuhlakazeka kwensipho ye-calcium, izakhiwo ezinhle zokugwebulwa nokumanzisa, futhi zisetshenziswa kabanzi emithini yemithi, izindwangu, amakhemikhali amahle kanye neminye imikhakha. Ukwethulwa kwamaqembu e-amide kuma-biosurfactants asuselwa ku-carboxylate kungathuthukisa ukubola kwe-biodegradability yama-athomu aphumayo futhi kuwenze abe nezakhiwo ezinhle zokumanzisa, i-emulsification, ukuhlakazeka kanye ne-decontamination. U-Mei et al bahlanganise i-carboxylate-based baryonic surfactant CGS-2 equkethe amaqembu e-amide esebenzisa i-dodecylamine, i-dibromoethane ne-succinic anhydride njengezinto zokusetshenziswa.
1.2.4 Usawoti wePhosphate
Uhlobo lukasawoti we-Phosphate ester Ama-Gemini Surfactants anesakhiwo esifanayo nama-phospholipids emvelo futhi athambekele ekwakheni izakhiwo ezifana nama-micelles ahlehlayo nama-vesicle. Uhlobo lukasawoti we-Phosphate ester Ama-Gemini Surfactants asetshenziswe kabanzi njengama-antistatic agents kanye nezihlanzi zokuwasha, kuyilapho izakhiwo zawo eziphezulu ze-emulsification kanye nokucasuka okuphansi kuholele ekusetshenzisweni kwazo okubanzi ekunakekelweni kwesikhumba komuntu siqu. Amanye ama-phosphate esters angaba i-anticancer, antitumor kanye ne-antibacterial, futhi inqwaba yemithi yenziwe. Ama-biosurfactants ohlobo lukasawoti we-Phosphate ester anezindawo eziphakeme zokuhlanganisa izibulala-zinambuzane futhi angasetshenziswa nje kuphela njengama-antibacterial kanye nezibulala-zinambuzane kodwa nanjengemithi yokubulala ukhula. U-Zheng et al ufunde ukuhlanganiswa kwe-phosphate ester salt Gemini Surfactants kusuka ku-P2O5 kanye nama-oligomeric diol asuselwa ku-ortho-quat, anomthelela ongcono wokumanzisa, izakhiwo ezinhle ze-antistatic, kanye nenqubo elula yokuhlanganisa enezimo zokusabela ezithambile. Ifomula yamangqamuzana ye-potassium phosphate salt baryonic surfactant ikhonjisiwe kuMfanekiso 4.
1.3 Ama-Gemini Surfactants angewona ama-ionic
Ama-Nonionic Gemini Surfactants awakwazi ukuhlukaniswa ngesisombululo esinamanzi futhi akhona ngendlela yamangqamuzana. Lolu hlobo lwe-baryonic surfactant alukafundwa kancane kuze kube manje, futhi kunezinhlobo ezimbili, eyodwa iphuma kushukela kanti enye i-alcohol ether ne-phenol ether. Ama-Nonionic Gemini Surfactants awekho esimweni se-ionic esixazululweni, ngakho anokuqina okuphezulu, awathinteki kalula ngama-electrolyte anamandla, anokuyinkimbinkimbi okuhle nezinye izinhlobo zama-surfactants, futhi ane-solubility enhle. Ngakho-ke, ama-surfactants angenayo i-nonionic anezakhiwo ezihlukahlukene ezifana ne-detergency enhle, i-dispersibility, i-emulsification, igwebu, ukumanzisa, impahla ye-antistatic kanye nokuvala inzalo, futhi ingasetshenziswa kabanzi ezicini ezihlukahlukene ezifana nezibulala-zinambuzane nezingubo. Njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 5, ngo-2004, uFitzGerald et al wahlanganisa ama-Gemini Surfactants asekelwe ku-Polyoxyethylene (ama-nonionic surfactants), isakhiwo sawo savezwa ngokuthi (Cn-2H2n-3CHCH2O(CH2CH2O)mH)2(CH2)6 (noma i-GemnEm).
02 Izakhiwo ze-Physicochemical of Gemini Surfactants
2.1 Umsebenzi Wama-Gemini Surfactants
Indlela elula neqondile yokuhlola umsebenzi wangaphezulu wama-surfactants ukukala ukushuba kwesimo sezinto eziwuketshezi. Empeleni, ama-surfactants anciphisa ukungezwani okungaphezulu kwesixazululo ngokuhleleka okuqondile endizeni engaphezulu (umngcele) (Umfanekiso 1(c)). I-critical micelle concentration (CMC) ye-Gemini Surfactants ingaphezu kwama-oda amabili obukhulu amancane futhi inani le-C20 liphansi kakhulu uma liqhathaniswa nama-surfactants avamile anezakhiwo ezifanayo. I-molecule ye-baryonic surfactant inamaqembu amabili e-hydrophilic ayisiza ukuthi igcine ukuncibilika okuhle kwamanzi kuyilapho inamaketanga amade e-hydrophobic. Esixhumi esibonakalayo samanzi/somoya, ama-surfactants avamile ahlelwa ngokukhululekile ngenxa yomphumela wokumelana nesizinda sendawo kanye nokuhoxiswa kwezindleko ezilinganayo kuma-molecule, ngaleyo ndlela zenza buthaka ikhono lazo lokunciphisa ukungezwani okungaphezulu kwamanzi. Ngokuphambene, amaqembu axhumanisa ama-Gemini Surfactants ahlanganiswe ngokubambisana ukuze ibanga phakathi kwamaqembu amabili e-hydrophilic ligcinwe phakathi kwebanga elincane (elincane kakhulu kunebanga eliphakathi kwamaqembu angama-hydrophilic ama-surfactants avamile), okuholela ekusebenzeni okungcono kwama-Gemini Surfactants at. indawo engaphezulu (umngcele).
2.2 Isakhiwo somhlangano wama-Gemini Surfactants
Ezixazululweni ezinamanzi, njengoba ukugcwala kwe-baryonic surfactant kwanda, ama-molecule ayo agcwala ingaphezulu lesixazululo, okubuye kuphoqe amanye ama-molecule ukuba athuthele ngaphakathi kwesixazululo ukuze akhe ama-micelles. Ukugxila lapho i-surfactant eqala khona ukwenza ama-micelles kubizwa ngokuthi i-Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC). Njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 9, ngemva kokuba ukugxilisa ingqondo kube kukhulu kune-CMC, ngokungafani nama-surfactants avamile ahlangana ukuze akhe ama-micelles ayindilinga, ama-Gemini Surfactants akhiqiza izinhlobonhlobo zama-micelle morphologies, njengezakhiwo zomugqa kanye ne-bilayer, ngenxa yezici zazo zesakhiwo. Umehluko ngobukhulu be-micelle, ukuma kanye ne-hydration kunomthelela oqondile ekuziphatheni kwesigaba kanye nezakhiwo ze-rheological zesisombululo, futhi kuholele ekushintsheni kwe-viscoelasticity yesisombululo. Ama-surfactants avamile, njengama-anionic surfactants (SDS), ngokuvamile enza ama-micelles ayindilinga, acishe angabi nawo umthelela ku-viscosity yesixazululo. Kodwa-ke, ukwakheka okukhethekile kwama-Gemini Surfactants kuholela ekwakhekeni kwe-micelle morphology eyinkimbinkimbi futhi izakhiwo zezixazululo zabo ezinamanzi zihluke kakhulu kulawo ama-surfactants ajwayelekile. I-viscosity yezixazululo ezinamanzi ze-Gemini Surfactants iyanda ngokugxila okukhulayo kwama-Gemini Surfactants, mhlawumbe ngenxa yokuthi ama-micelles alayini akhiwe ahlangana abe isakhiwo esifana newebhu. Kodwa-ke, i-viscosity yesisombululo iyancipha ngokugxila kwe-surfactant okwandayo, mhlawumbe ngenxa yokuphazamiseka kwesakhiwo sewebhu kanye nokwakhiwa kwezinye izakhiwo ze-micelle.
03 Izakhiwo ze-Antimicrobial of Gemini Surfactants
Njengohlobo lwe-organic ejenti elwa namagciwane, indlela elwa namagciwane ye-baryonic surfactant ikakhulukazi ukuthi ihlangana nama-anion kulwelwesi lweseli lwama-microorganisms noma ihlangane namaqembu e-sulfhydryl ukuphazamisa ukukhiqizwa kwamaprotheni awo kanye nolwelwesi lwamaseli, ngaleyo ndlela kucekele phansi izicubu ezincane ezivimbelayo. noma abulale ama-microorganisms.
3.1 Izakhiwo ze-antimicrobial ze-anionic Gemini Surfactants
Izakhiwo ze-antimicrobial of antimicrobial anionic surfactants zinqunywa ikakhulukazi ubunjalo bezingxenye ezilwa namagciwane abaziphethe. Ezixazululweni ze-colloidal ezifana ne-latex yemvelo kanye nama-coatings, amaketanga e-hydrophilic abophezela kuma-disperstants ancibilikayo, futhi amaketanga e-hydrophobic azobophezela ekuhlakazweni kwe-hydrophobic nge-adsorption eqondile, ngaleyo ndlela aguqule isixhumi esibonakalayo sezigaba ezimbili sibe ifilimu ehlangene yamangqamuzana aminyene. Amaqembu avimbela amagciwane kulolu ungqimba oluqinile oluyisivikelo avimbela ukukhula kwamagciwane.
Indlela yokuvinjwa kwebhaktheriya yama-anionic surfactants ihluke ngokuyisisekelo kuleyo yama-cationic surfactants. Ukuvinjelwa kwamagciwane kwama-anionic surfactants kuhlobene nesistimu yabo yesixazululo kanye namaqembu okuvimbela, ngakho lolu hlobo lwe-surfactant lungakhawulelwa. Lolu hlobo lwe-surfactant kufanele lube khona emazingeni anele ukuze lowo osebenza emanzini abe khona kuwo wonke amagumbi ohlelo ukuze akhiqize umphumela omuhle we-microbicidal. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, lolu hlobo lwe-surfactant alukho indawo kanye nokukhomba, okungabangeli nje ukuchithwa okungadingekile, kodwa futhi kudala ukumelana isikhathi eside.
Isibonelo, i-alkyl sulfonate-based biosurfactants isetshenziswe emithini yomtholampilo. I-Alkyl sulfonates, njenge-Busulfan ne-Treosulfan, ngokuyinhloko iphatha izifo ze-myeloproliferative, esebenza ukukhiqiza ukuxhumanisa phakathi kwe-guanine ne-ureapurine, kuyilapho lokhu kuguqulwa akukwazi ukulungiswa ngokuhlolwa kwamaselula, okuholela ekufeni kwe-apoptotic cell.
3.2 Izakhiwo ze-Antimicrobial of cationic Gemini Surfactants
Uhlobo oluyinhloko lwe-cationic Gemini Surfactants olwakhiwe uhlobo lukasawoti lwe-quaternary ammonium uhlobo lwe-Gemini Surfactants. I-Quaternary ammonium type cationic Gemini Surfactants inomphumela oqinile we-bactericidal ngoba kunamaketanga amabili e-hydrophobic amade e-alkane kuma-molecule e-quaternary ammonium uhlobo lwe-baryonic surfactant, futhi amaketanga e-hydrophobic enza i-hydrophobic adsorption nodonga lweseli (peptidoglycan); ngasikhathi sinye, aqukethe ama-ion amabili e-nitrogen afakwe kahle, azokhuthaza ukumenyezelwa kwama-molecule e-surfactant ebusweni bamagciwane anecala elibi, futhi ngokungena nokusabalalisa, amaketanga e-hydrophobic angena ajule ongqimbeni lwe-Bacterial cell membrane lipid, ashintshe Ukungena kwe-membrane yeseli, okuholela ekuqhekekeni kwebhaktheriya, ngaphezu kwamaqembu e-hydrophilic ajule kuphrotheni, okuholela ekulahlekelweni komsebenzi we-enzyme kanye nokuguqulwa kwamaprotheni, ngenxa yomphumela ohlangene wale miphumela emibili, okwenza isikhunta sibe ne- umphumela onamandla we-bactericidal.
Kodwa-ke, ngokombono wemvelo, lawa ma-surfactants anomsebenzi we-hemolytic kanye ne-cytotoxicity, futhi isikhathi eside sokuxhumana nezinto eziphila emanzini kanye nokubola kwe-biodegradation kungandisa ubuthi bazo.
3.3 Izakhiwo zokulwa namagciwane zama-nonionic Gemini Surfactants
Njengamanje kunezinhlobo ezimbili zama-nonionic Gemini Surfactants, eyodwa iphuma kushukela kanti enye i-alcohol ether ne-phenol ether.
I-antibacterial mechanism yama-biosurfactants atholakala kushukela isekelwe ebudlelwaneni bama-molecule, futhi ama-surfactants atholakala kushukela angabopha kulwelwesi lwamaseli, oluqukethe inani elikhulu lama-phospholipids. Lapho ukugcwala kwe-sugar derivatives surfactants kufinyelela ezingeni elithile, kushintsha ukungena kwe-membrane yeseli, kwakha ama-pores namashaneli e-ion, okuthinta ukuthuthwa kwezakhi kanye nokushintshaniswa kwegesi, okubangela ukuphuma kokuqukethwe futhi ekugcineni kuholele ekufeni igciwane.
I-antibacterial mechanism ye-phenolic kanye ne-alcohol ethers antimicrobial agents iwukusebenza odongeni lweseli noma ulwelwesi lwamaseli nama-enzyme, ukuvimbela imisebenzi ye-metabolic nokuphazamisa imisebenzi yokuvuselela. Isibonelo, izidakamizwa ezilwa namagciwane ze-diphenyl ether kanye nokuphuma kwazo (phenols) zicwiliswa kumaseli ebhaktheriya noma amagciwane futhi zisebenze odongeni lweseli kanye nolwelwesi lwamaseli, luvimbele ukusebenza nokusebenza kwama-enzyme ahlobene nokuhlanganiswa kwama-nucleic acid namaprotheni, anciphise ukuvuvukala. ukukhula nokukhiqizwa kwamagciwane. Iphinde ikhubaze imisebenzi ye-metabolic kanye neyokuphefumula yama-enzyme ngaphakathi kwamagciwane, abese ehluleka.
3.4 Izici zokulwa namagciwane zama-amphoteric Gemini Surfactants
Ama-Amphoteric Gemini Surfactants ayikilasi lama-surfactants anakho kokubili ama-cations nama-anion esakhiweni sawo samangqamuzana, angakwazi ukwenza i-ionize kwisisombululo esinamanzi, futhi abonise izakhiwo zama-anionic surfactants esimweni esisodwa esimaphakathi kanye nama-cationic surfactants kwesinye isimo esimaphakathi. Indlela yokuvinjwa kwebhaktheriya yama-amphoteric surfactants ayihlanganisi, kodwa ngokuvamile kunenkolelo yokuthi ukuvimbela kungase kufane naleyo yamagciwane e-quaternary ammonium surfactants, lapho i-surfactant ikhangiswa kalula endaweni yebhaktheriya ekhokhiswe kabi futhi iphazamise umzimba webhaktheriya.
3.4.1 Izakhiwo ze-antimicrobial of amino acid Gemini Surfactants
I-amino acid yohlobo lwe-baryonic surfactant iyi-cationic amphoteric baryonic surfactant eyakhiwe ama-amino acid amabili, ngakho indlela yayo yokulwa namagciwane ifana kakhulu naleyo ye-quaternary ammonium salt type baryonic surfactant. Ingxenye ye-surfactant ene-positive ihehwa engxenyeni ene-negative ye-bacterial or virus ebusweni ngenxa yokusebenzisana kwe-electrostatic, futhi kamuva amaketanga e-hydrophobic abopha ku-lipid bilayer, okuholela ekuphumeni kwe-cell content kanye ne-lysis kuze kube sekufeni. Inezinzuzo ezibalulekile ngaphezu kwama-Gemini Surfactants asekelwe ku-quaternary ammonium: ukubola kalula kwe-biodegradability, umsebenzi we-hemolytic ophansi, kanye nobuthi obuphansi, ngakho iyathuthukiswa ukuze isetshenziswe futhi insimu yayo yokusetshenziswa iyanwetshwa.
3.4.2 Izici zokulwa namagciwane zohlobo lwe-Gemini Surfactants okungezona i-amino acid
I-non-amino acid yohlobo lwe-amphoteric Gemini Surfactants inezinsalela zamangqamuzana asebenzayo aqukethe kokubili izikhungo zokushaja ezingenayo ionizable nezinegethivu. Uhlobo oluyinhloko lwe-non-amino acid Ama-Gemini Surfactants yi-betaine, imidazoline, ne-amine oxide. Uma sithatha uhlobo lwe-betaine njengesibonelo, ama-amphoteric surfactants ohlobo lwe-betaine anawo womabili amaqembu e-anionic kanye ne-cationic kuma-molecule awo, angathinteki kalula usawoti we-inorganic futhi anemiphumela engaphezulu kuzo zombili izixazululo ezine-acidic ne-alkali, kanye nendlela yokulwa namagciwane yama-cationic Gemini Surfactants. kulandelwa izixazululo ezine-acidic kanye ne-anionic Gemini Surfactants ezixazululweni ze-alkaline. Iphinde ibe nokusebenza okuhle kakhulu kokuhlanganisa nezinye izinhlobo zama-surfactants.
04 Isiphetho kanye nombono
Ama-Gemini Surfactants aya ngokuya esetshenziswa empilweni ngenxa yesakhiwo sawo esikhethekile, futhi asetshenziswa kabanzi emkhakheni wokwenza inzalo elwa namagciwane, ukukhiqizwa kokudla, ukukhuculula amagwebu nokuvinjwa kwegwebu, ukukhululwa kancane kwezidakamizwa nokuhlanza izimboni. Ngokukhula kwesidingo sokuvikelwa kwemvelo eluhlaza, ama-Gemini Surfactants kancane kancane athuthukiswa abe ama-surfactants anobungani bemvelo futhi asebenza ngezindlela eziningi. Ucwaningo lwesikhathi esizayo kuma-Gemini Surfactants lungenziwa kulezi zici ezilandelayo: ukuthuthukisa ama-Gemini Surfactants amasha anezakhiwo ezikhethekile nemisebenzi, ikakhulukazi ukuqinisa ucwaningo nge-antibacterial and antiviral; ukuhlanganisa nama-surfactants ajwayelekile noma izithasiselo ukwenza imikhiqizo esebenza kangcono; nokusebenzisa izinto zokusetshenziswa ezishibhile nezitholakala kalula ukuze kuhlanganiswe ama-Gemini Surfactants angangeni kwemvelo.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Mar-25-2022