Uhlu Lokuqukethwe Kwalesi sihloko:
1. Ukuthuthukiswa kwama-Amino Acids
2. Izakhiwo zesakhiwo
3. Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali
4.Ukuhlukaniswa
5. Ukuhlanganisa
6. Izakhiwo ze-Physicochemical
7. Ubuthi
8. Umsebenzi we-antimicrobial
9. Izakhiwo ze-Rheological
10. Izicelo embonini yezimonyo
11. Izicelo zezimonyo zansuku zonke
Ama-Amino Acid Surfactants (AAS)ayikilasi lama-surfactants elakhiwe ngokuhlanganisa amaqembu e-hydrophobic ne-Amino Acid eyodwa noma ngaphezulu. Kulokhu, ama-Amino Acid angakhiwa noma athathwe kuma-protein hydrolysates noma emithonjeni efanayo evuselelekayo. Leli phepha lihlanganisa imininingwane yeningi lemizila yokwenziwa etholakalayo ye-AAS kanye nomthelela wemizila ehlukene kuzakhiwo ze-physicochemical zemikhiqizo yokugcina, okuhlanganisa ukuncibilika, ukuzinza kokuhlakazeka, ubuthi kanye nokubola kwe-biodegradability. Njengekilasi lama-surfactants ekwandeni kwesidingo, ukusebenzisana kwe-AAS ngenxa yesakhiwo sabo esiguquguqukayo kunikeza inani elikhulu lamathuba okuhweba.
Njengoba kunikezwe ukuthi ama-surfactants asetshenziswa kakhulu kuma-detergents, ama-emulsifiers, ama-corrosion inhibitors, ukubuyisela uwoyela wezinga eliphezulu kanye nemithi, abacwaningi abakaze bayeke ukunaka ama-surfactants.
Ama-surfactants yimikhiqizo yamakhemikhali emele kakhulu esetshenziswa ngobuningi nsuku zonke emhlabeni jikelele futhi ibe nomthelela omubi endaweni yasemanzini.Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kabanzi kwezithako ezisetshenziswayo zendabuko kungaba nomthelela omubi endaweni ezungezile.
Namuhla, ukungewona ubuthi, ukubola kwe-biodegradability kanye ne-biocompatibility cishe kubaluleke kakhulu kubathengi njengokusetshenziswa nokusebenza kwama-surfactants.
Ama-Biosurfactants angama-surfactants asekela imvelo ahlanganiswa ngokwemvelo amagciwane afana namagciwane, isikhunta, nemvubelo, noma akhishwe ngaphandle kwamaseli.Ngakho-ke, ama-biosurfactants angabuye alungiswe ngokuklama kwamangqamuzana ukuze alingise izakhiwo zemvelo ze-amphiphilic, njenge-phospholipids, i-alkyl glycosides ne-acyl Amino Acids.
Ama-Amino Acid Surfactants (AAS)angenye yezinto ezisetshenziswayo ezijwayelekile, ezivamise ukukhiqizwa ngezilwane noma ngezinto zokusetshenziswa ezitholakala kwezolimo. Emashumini amabili eminyaka adlule, i-AAS idonse isasasa elikhulu kososayensi njengabaqaphi bamanoveli, hhayi nje ngoba ingahlanganiswa ngezinsiza ezivuselelekayo, kodwa futhi ngenxa yokuthi i-AAS yonakala kalula futhi inemikhiqizo engeyona ingozi, okuyenza iphephe nakakhulu imvelo.
I-AAS ingachazwa njengekilasi lama-surfactants ahlanganisa ama-Amino Acid aqukethe amaqembu e-Amino Acid (HO 2 C-CHR-NH 2) noma izinsalela ze-Amino Acid (HO 2 C-CHR-NH-). Izifunda ezi-2 ezisebenzayo ze-Amino Acids zivumela ukutholwa kwezinhlobonhlobo zama-surfactants. Isamba sama-Proteinogenic Amino Acid ajwayelekile angama-20 ayaziwa ukuthi akhona emvelweni futhi anesibopho sakho konke ukusabela komzimba ekukhuleni nasekuphileni. Zihluke komunye nomunye kuphela ngokusho kwezinsalela R (Umfanekiso 1, pk a i-logarithm engalungile ye-acid dissociation constant yesixazululo). Ezinye ziyi-non-polar ne-hydrophobic, ezinye ziyi-polar ne-hydrophilic, ezinye ziyisisekelo kanti ezinye zine-acidic.
Ngenxa yokuthi ama-Amino Acid ayizinhlanganisela ezivuselelekayo, izithasiselo ezenziwe ngama-Amino Acid nazo zinamandla amakhulu okuzinza nokuba nobungane kwimvelo. Isakhiwo esilula nesingokwemvelo, ubuthi obuphansi kanye nokubola ngokushesha kwe-biodegradability ngokuvamile kubenza babe ngaphezu kwama-surfactants avamile. Ngokusebenzisa izinto ezingavuthiwe ezivuselelekayo (isb. Ama-Amino Acid namafutha emifino), i-AAS ingakhiqizwa imizila ehlukene ye-biotechnological kanye nemizila yamakhemikhali.
Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, ama-Amino Acid atholwa okokuqala ukuthi asetshenziswe njengama-substrates okuhlanganiswa kwama-surfactants.I-AAS yayisetshenziswa kakhulu njengezilondolozi ekwenziweni kwemithi kanye nezimonyo.Ukwengeza, i-AAS itholakale isebenza ngokuphila ngokumelene nezinhlobonhlobo zamabhaktheriya abangela izifo, izimila, namagciwane. Ngo-1988, ukutholakala kwe-AAS eshibhile kwakhiqiza intshisekelo yocwaningo emsebenzini ongaphezulu. Namuhla, ngokuthuthukiswa kwe-biotechnology, amanye ama-Amino Acid ayakwazi ukuhlanganiswa ukuze athengiselwe ngezinga elikhulu imvubelo, okufakazela ngokungaqondile ukuthi ukukhiqizwa kwe-AAS kuhambisana nemvelo.
01 Ukuthuthukiswa Kwama Amino Acid
Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19, lapho ama-Amino Acid emvelo etholakala ngokwemvelo eqala ukutholwa, izakhiwo zawo zabikezelwa ukuthi zibaluleke kakhulu - zingasetshenziswa njengezinto zokusetshenziswa zokulungiselela ama-amphiphiles. Ucwaningo lokuqala mayelana nokuhlanganiswa kwe-AAS lwabikwa nguBondi ku-1909.
Kulolo cwaningo, i-N-acylglycine ne-N-acylalanine yethulwa njengamaqembu e-hydrophilic kubantu abasebenzisa ama-surfactants. Umsebenzi owalandela wawuhilela ukuhlanganiswa kwe-lipoAmino Acids (AAS) kusetshenziswa i-glycine ne-alanine, kanye noHentrich et al. ishicilele uchungechunge lwemiphumela,okuhlanganisa isicelo sokuqala selungelo lobunikazi, ekusetshenzisweni kwe-acyl sarcosinate kanye nosawoti we-acyl aspartate njengezithako emikhiqizweni yokuhlanza yasendlini (isb. ama-shampoos, okokuhlanza kanye nezixubho).Kamuva, abacwaningi abaningi baphenya ngokuhlanganisa kanye nezakhiwo ze-physicochemical ze-acyl Amino Acids. Kuze kube manje, kushicilelwe indikimba enkulu yezincwadi mayelana nokuhlanganiswa, izakhiwo, ukusetshenziswa kwezimboni kanye nokubola kwe-biodegradability kwe-AAS.
02 Izakhiwo Zesakhiwo
Amaketanga e-non-polar hydrophobic fatty acid we-AAS angase ahluke ngesakhiwo, ubude beketango kanye nenombolo.Ukuhlukahluka kwesakhiwo nomsebenzi ophezulu we-AAS uchaza ukuhlukahluka kwawo okubanzi kwenhlanganisela kanye nezakhiwo ze-physicochemical kanye ne-biological. Amaqembu amakhanda e-AAS akhiwe ngama-Amino Acids noma ama-peptides. Umehluko emaqenjini amakhanda unquma ukukhangiswa, ukuhlanganisa kanye nomsebenzi webhayoloji walawa ma-surfactants. Amaqembu asebenzayo eqenjini eliyinhloko abe esenquma uhlobo lwe-AAS, okuhlanganisa i-cationic, i-anionic, i-nonionic, ne-amphoteric. Inhlanganisela ye-hydrophilic Amino Acids kanye nezingxenye ze-hydrophobic long-chain zakha isakhiwo se-amphiphilic esenza i-molecule isebenze kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuba khona kwama-athomu e-asymmetric carbon ku-molecule kusiza ukwakha ama-molecule e-chiral.
03 Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali
Wonke ama-Peptides nama-Polypeptides ayimikhiqizo ye-Polymerization yalawa cishe ama-20 α-Proteinogenic α-Amino Acid. Wonke ama-20 α-Amino Acid aqukethe iqembu elisebenzayo le-carboxylic acid (-COOH) kanye neqembu elisebenzayo lama-amino (-NH 2), kokubili okunamathiselwe ku-athomu efanayo ye-tetrahedral α-carbon. Ama-Amino Acid ayahluka kwamanye ngamaqembu ahlukene ka-R axhunywe ku-α-carbon (ngaphandle kwe-lycine, lapho iqembu lika-R kuyi-hydrogen.) Amaqembu ka-R angase ahluke ngesakhiwo, ubukhulu kanye nokushaja (i-acidity, i-alkalinity). Lo mehluko futhi unquma ukuncibilika kwama-Amino Acid emanzini.
Ama-Amino Acid ayi-chiral (ngaphandle kwe-glycine) futhi asebenza ngokubonakalayo ngokwemvelo ngoba anezithako ezihlukile ezine ezixhunywe ku-alpha carbon. Ama-Amino Acid anezinhlobo ezimbili ezingenzeka; ziyizithombe zesibuko ezingadluleli zodwa, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi inani lama-L-stereoisomers liphezulu kakhulu. Iqembu le-R elikhona kwamanye ama-Amino Acid (Phenylalanine, Tyrosine kanye ne-Tryptophan) yi-aryl, okuholela ekumunceni okuphezulu kwe-UV ku-280 nm. I-acidic α-COOH kanye ne-α-NH 2 eyisisekelo ku-Amino Acids iyakwazi ukwenza i-ionization, futhi womabili ama-stereoisomer, noma ngabe ayini, akha ukulingana kwe-ionization okuboniswe ngezansi.
R-COOH ↔R-COO-＋H＋
R-NH3＋↔R-NH2＋H＋
Njengoba kukhonjisiwe ekulinganisweni kwe-ionization ngenhla, ama-amino acid aqukethe okungenani amaqembu amabili ane-acidic ebuthakathaka; Nokho, iqembu le-carboxyl line-acidic kakhulu uma liqhathaniswa neqembu le-amino eline-protonated. I-pH 7.4, iqembu le-carboxyl liyakhishwa ngenkathi iqembu le-amino likhishwa. Ama-amino acid anamaqembu e-R angewona i-ionizable angathathi hlangothi ngogesi kule pH futhi enza i-zwitterion.
04 Ukwahlukanisa
I-AAS ingahlukaniswa ngokwemibandela emine, echazwe ngezansi ngokulandelana.
4.1 Ngokwemvelaphi
| Ngokwemvelaphi, i-AAS ingahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezi-2 kanje. ① Isigaba semvelo Ezinye izinhlanganisela ezivele ngokwemvelo eziqukethe ama-amino acid nazo zinamandla okunciphisa ukungezwani okungaphezulu/okuhlangana kobuso, kanti ezinye zize zeqe ukusebenza kahle kwe-glycolipids. Lawa ma-AAS aziwa nangokuthi ama-lipopeptides. Ama-Lipopeptides ayizinhlanganisela zesisindo samangqamuzana aphansi, ngokuvamile akhiqizwa izinhlobo ze-Bacillus.
I-AAS enjalo iphinde ihlukaniswe ngezigaba ezi-3:I-surfactin, i-iturin ne-fengycin.
|
| Umndeni wama-peptide asebenza phezulu uhlanganisa izinhlobonhlobo ze-heptapeptide zezinto ezihlukahlukene,njengoba kuboniswe ku-Figure 2a, lapho iketango le-C12-C16 elingagcwele i-β-hydroxy fatty acid lixhunywe ku-peptide. I-peptide esebenza phezulu i-macrocyclic lactone lapho indandatho ivalwa nge-catalysis phakathi kwe-C-terminus ye-β-hydroxy fatty acid kanye ne-peptide. Esigabeni esingaphansi se-iturin, kunezinhlobo eziyisithupha eziyinhloko, okuyi-iturin A no-C, i-mycosubtilin ne-bacillomycin D, F kanye ne-L.Kuzo zonke izimo, ama-heptapeptides axhunywe kumaketanga e-C14-C17 we-β-amino fatty acids (amaketanga angahlukahluka). Endabeni ye-ekurimycins, iqembu le-amino ku-β-position lingakha isibopho se-amide ne-C-terminus ngaleyo ndlela yakhe isakhiwo se-macrocyclic lactam.
I-subclass fengycin iqukethe i-fengycin A no-B, ebizwa nangokuthi i-plipastatin lapho i-Tyr9 icushwe ngu-D.I-decapeptide ixhunywe kuketango le-β-hydroxy fatty acid egcwele i-C14 -C18. Ngokwesakhiwo, i-plipastatin iphinde ibe i-macrocyclic lactone, equkethe iketango laseceleni laseTyr endaweni yesi-3 yokulandelana kwe-peptide futhi yakhe isibopho se-ester nensalela ye-C-terminal, ngaleyo ndlela yakhe isakhiwo sendandatho yangaphakathi (njengoba kunjalo kuma-lipopeptide amaningi e-Pseudomonas).
② Isigaba Sokwenziwa I-AAS ingabuye ihlanganiswe ngokusebenzisa noma yimaphi ama-amino acid ane-acidic, ayisisekelo futhi angathathi hlangothi. Ama-amino acid avamile asetshenziselwa ukuhlanganiswa kwe-AAS yi-glutamic acid, i-serine, i-proline, i-aspartic acid, i-glycine, i-arginine, i-alanine, i-leucine, ne-protein hydrolysates. Lesi sigaba esincane sama-surfactants singalungiswa ngamakhemikhali, ama-enzymatic, kanye nezindlela ze-chemoenzymatic; kodwa-ke, ekukhiqizeni i-AAS, ukuhlanganiswa kwamakhemikhali kungenzeka ngokwezomnotho. Izibonelo ezijwayelekile zifaka i-N-lauroyl-L-glutamic acid ne-N-palmitoyl-L-glutamic acid.
|
4.2 Ngokusekelwe kuma-aliphatic chain substituent
Ngokusekelwe ku-aliphatic chain substituents, ama-surfactants asekelwe ku-amino acid angahlukaniswa abe izinhlobo ezi-2.
Ngokuvumelana nesikhundla sobambele
| ①N-efakwe esikhundleni se-AAS Ezakhiweni ezifakwe esikhundleni se-N, iqembu le-amino lithathelwa indawo yiqembu le-lipophilic noma iqembu le-carboxyl, okuholela ekulahlekelweni kokuyisisekelo. isibonelo esilula se-AAS efakwe esikhundleni se-N yi-N-acyl amino acid, okuyizinto ezisebenza nge-anionic. I-n-substituted AAS inesibopho se-amide esinamathiselwe phakathi kwezingxenye ze-hydrophobic kanye ne-hydrophilic. Ibhondi ye-amide inamandla okwenza ibhondi ye-hydrogen, eyenza kube lula ukucekelwa phansi kwalesi sithathisi endaweni ene-asidi, ngaleyo ndlela isenze siboleke.
②C-efakwe esikhundleni se-AAS Ezakhiweni ezifakwe esikhundleni se-C, ukushintshwa kwenzeka eqenjini le-carboxyl (nge-amide noma i-ester bond). Izinhlanganisela ezijwayelekile ezifakwe endaweni ka-C (isb. ama-esters noma ama-amide) empeleni angama-cationic surfactants.
③N- kanye ne-AAS efakwe esikhundleni Kulolu hlobo lwe-surfactant, womabili amaqembu e-amino ne-carboxyl ayingxenye ye-hydrophilic. Lolu hlobo empeleni luyi-amphoteric surfactant. |
4.3 Ngokwenani lemisila ye-hydrophobic
Ngokusekelwe enanini lamaqembu ekhanda nemisila ye-hydrophobic, i-AAS ingahlukaniswa ngamaqembu amane. I-Straight-chain AAS, i-Gemini (dimer) uhlobo lwe-AAS, uhlobo lwe-Glycerolipid lwe-AAS, kanye ne-bicephalic amphiphilic (Bola) uhlobo lwe-AAS. ama-surfactants e-straight-chain angama-surfactants ahlanganisa ama-amino acid anomsila owodwa kuphela we-hydrophobic (Umfanekiso 3). Uhlobo lwe-Gemini lwe-AAS lunamaqembu amabili ekhanda le-amino acid e-polar kanye nemisila emibili ye-hydrophobic nge-molecule ngayinye (Umfanekiso 4). Kulolu hlobo lwesakhiwo, ama-AAS amabili aqondile axhunywe ndawonye nge-spacer ngakho-ke abizwa nangokuthi ama-dimers. Ohlotsheni lwe-Glycerolipid AAS, ngakolunye uhlangothi, imisila emibili ye-hydrophobic ixhunywe eqenjini elifanayo lekhanda le-amino acid. Lawa ma-surfactants angabhekwa njengama-analogs we-monoglycerides, i-diglycerides nama-phospholipids, kuyilapho ku-Bola-type AAS, amaqembu amabili ekhanda le-amino acid axhunywe umsila we-hydrophobic.
4.4 Ngokohlobo lweqembu elikhulu
①Cationic AAS
Iqembu eliyinhloko lalolu hlobo lwe-surfactant linenkokhelo enhle. I-AAS yokuqala ye-cationic i-ethyl cocoyl arginate, okuyi-pyrrolidone carboxylate. Izakhiwo ezihlukile nezihlukene zalesi sisetshenziswa esisetshenziswayo sikwenza kube usizo ezidakamizweni, ezilwa namagciwane, ama-antistatic, ama-conditioner ezinwele, kanye nokuba mnene emehlweni nasesikhumbeni futhi kungabi lula ukubola. I-Singare kanye ne-Mhatre bahlanganise i-arginine-based cationic AAS futhi bahlola izici zabo ze-physicochemical. Kulolu cwaningo, bafune isivuno esiphezulu semikhiqizo etholwe kusetshenziswa izimo zokusabela ze-Schotten-Baumann. Ngobude obukhulayo be-alkyl chain kanye ne-hydrophobicity, umsebenzi wangaphezulu we-surfactant utholakale ukhula kanye ne-Critical Micelle Concentration (cmc) yehla. Enye iphrotheni ye-quaternary acyl, evame ukusetshenziswa njenge-conditioner emikhiqizweni yokunakekelwa kwezinwele.
②Anionic AAS
Kuma-anionic surfactants, iqembu lekhanda elipholile le-surfactant lineshaji elibi. I-Sarcosine (CH 3 -NH-CH 2 -COOH, N-methylglycine), i-amino acid evame ukutholakala kuma-urchins olwandle nezinkanyezi zasolwandle, ihlobene ngamakhemikhali ne-glycine (NH 2 -CH 2 -COOH,), i-amino acid eyisisekelo etholakele. kumaseli ezincelisayo. -COOH,) ihlobene ngamakhemikhali ne-glycine, okuyi-amino acid eyisisekelo etholakala kumaseli ezincelisayo. I-Lauric acid, i-tetradecanoic acid, i-oleic acid kanye nama-halides nama-esters awo avame ukusetshenziselwa ukwenza ama-sarcosinate surfactants. Ama-Sarcosinate ngokwemvelo amnene ngakho-ke avame ukusetshenziswa ezindaweni zokugeza umlomo, ama-shampoos, amagwebu okushefa, okokuvikela ilanga, izihlanzi zesikhumba, neminye imikhiqizo yezimonyo.
Enye i-anionic AAS etholakala ngokuthengisa ihlanganisa i-Amisoft CS-22 ne-AmiliteGCK-12, okungamagama okuhweba e-sodium N-cocoyl-L-glutamate ne-potassium N-cocoyl glycinate, ngokulandelana. I-Amilite ijwayele ukusetshenziswa njenge-ejenti ekhihliza amagwebu, okokuhlanza, i-solubilizer, i-emulsifier kanye ne-dispersant, futhi inezinhlelo eziningi zokusebenza kwezimonyo, njengama-shampoos, insipho yokugeza, izinto zokugeza umzimba, izixuku, izihlanzi zobuso, insipho yokuhlanza, izihlanzi zamalensi oxhumana naye kanye nezisetshenziswa zasendlini. I-Amisoft isetshenziswa njengesihlanzi sesikhumba nezinwele esithambile, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zokuhlanza ubuso nomzimba, izihlanzi zokwenziwa ezivimbayo, imikhiqizo yokunakekela umzimba, ama-shampoos neminye imikhiqizo yokunakekelwa kwesikhumba.
③zwitterionic noma i-amphoteric AAS
Ama-amphoteric surfactants aqukethe kokubili amasayithi ane-acidic nayisisekelo futhi angashintsha ukushajwa kwawo ngokushintsha inani le-pH. Kumithombo ye-alkaline ziziphatha njengama-anionic surfactants, kuyilapho ezindaweni ezine-acidic ziziphatha njengama-cationic surfactants nakuma-neutral media njengama-amphoteric surfactants. I-Lauryl lysine (LL) kanye ne-alkoxy (2-hydroxypropyl) arginine yizona kuphela ezaziwayo zama-amphoteric surfactants ezisekelwe kuma-amino acid. I-LL iwumkhiqizo wokujiya we-lysine ne-lauric acid. Ngenxa yesakhiwo sayo se-amphoteric, i-LL ayincibiliki cishe kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezincibilikisi, ngaphandle kwezincibilikisi ezine-alkaline kakhulu noma ezine-asidi. Njengempushana ephilayo, i-LL inokunamathela okuhle kakhulu endaweni eyi-hydrophilic kanye ne-coefficient ephansi yokungqubuzana, okunikeza leli khono elihle kakhulu lokugcoba eliphuma phezulu. I-LL isetshenziswa kakhulu kumakhilimu esikhumba nezimonyo zezinwele, futhi isetshenziswa nanjengento yokugcoba.
④Nonionic AAS
Ama-Nonionic surfactants abonakala ngamaqembu ekhanda elipholile ngaphandle kwezindleko ezisemthethweni. ama-ethoxylated nonionic surfactants amasha ayisishiyagalombili alungiswe ngu-Al-Sabagh et al. kusuka ku-α-amino acids encibilikayo kawoyela. Kule nqubo, i-L-phenylalanine (LEP) ne-L-leucine ziqale zafakwa i-hexadecanol, zalandelwa ukuhlanganisa ne-palmitic acid ukunikeza ama-amide amabili nama-ester amabili e-α-amino acid. Ama-amide nama-ester abe esethola ukusabela kokujiya nge-ethylene oxide ukuze kulungiswe okuphuma kokuthathu kwe-phenylalanine ngezinombolo ezihlukene zamayunithi e-polyoxyethylene (40, 60 kanye ne-100). Lawa ma-AAS angama-nonionic atholwe anezindawo zokuhlanza ezinhle kanye nezigwebu.
05 Ukuhlanganisa
5.1 Umzila wokwenziwa oyisisekelo
Ku-AAS, amaqembu e-hydrophobic angaxhunywa kumasayithi e-amine noma e-carboxylic acid, noma ngamaketanga aseceleni ama-amino acid. Ngokusekelwe kulokhu, izindlela ezine eziyisisekelo zokwenziwa ziyatholakala, njengoba kukhonjisiwe kuMfanekiso 5.
Fig.5 Izindlela eziyisisekelo zokuhlanganiswa kwama-amino acid-based surfactants
| Indlela 1. I-amphiphilic ester amines ikhiqizwa ukusabela kwe-esterification, lapho i-surfactant synthesis ngokuvamile ifinyelelwa ngokubuyisela kabusha ama-alcohols nama-amino acid phambi kwe-ejenti eqeda amanzi emzimbeni kanye ne-acidic catalyst. Kwezinye izimo, i-sulfuric acid isebenza njenge-catalyst kanye ne-ejenti eqeda amanzi emzimbeni.
Umzila 2. Ama-amino acid acushiwe asabela nama-alkylamine ukuze akhe amabhondi e-amide, okuholela ekuhlanganisweni kwama-amphiphilic amidoamines.
Indlela yesi-3. Ama-Amido acids ahlanganiswa ngokusabela amaqembu e-amine ama-amino acid ane-Amido Acids.
Umzila 4. Ama-alkyl amino acid anochungechunge olude ahlanganiswa ukusabela kwamaqembu e-amine ane-haloalkanes. |
5.2 Intuthuko ekuhlanganiseni nasekukhiqizeni
5.2.1 Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-single-chain amino acid/peptide surfactants
I-N-acyl noma i-O-acyl amino acid noma ama-peptide angahlanganiswa nge-enzyme-catalyzed acylation yama-amine noma amaqembu e-hydroxyl anama-fatty acids. Umbiko wangaphambilini we-lipase-catalyzed synthesis-free-catalyzed synthesis ye-amino acid amide noma okuphuma kokunye kwe-methyl ester yasetshenziswa i-Candida antarctica, enesivuno esisukela ku-25% kuya ku-90% kuye ngokuthi i-amino acid ehlosiwe. I-Methyl ethyl ketone nayo isetshenziswe njenge-solvent kwezinye izimo. Vonderhagen et al. iphinde yachaza ukusabela kwe-lipase kanye ne-protease-catalyzed N-acylation yama-amino acid, ama-protein hydrolysates kanye/noma okuphuma kuwo kusetshenziswa ingxube yamanzi nezincibilikisi zemvelo (isb, i-dimethylformamide/amanzi) kanye ne-methyl butyl ketone.
Ezinsukwini zokuqala, inkinga eyinhloko nge-enzyme-catalyzed synthesis ye-AAS yayiyisivuno esincane. Ngokusho kukaValivety et al. isivuno se-N-tetradecanoyl amino acid derivatives kwaba ngu-2% -10% kuphela ngisho nangemva kokusebenzisa ama-lipase ahlukene kanye nokufukamela ku-70°C izinsuku eziningi. Montet et al. futhi ihlangabezane nezinkinga eziphathelene nesivuno esiphansi sama-amino acid ekuhlanganiseni kwe-N-acyl lysine kusetshenziswa ama-fatty acids namafutha emifino. Ngokusho kwabo, isivuno esiphezulu somkhiqizo sasingu-19% ngaphansi kwezimo ezingenazo i-solvent futhi kusetshenziswa izincibilikisi eziphilayo. inkinga efanayo wahlangabezana nayo Valivety et al. ekuhlanganiseni kokuphuma kokunye okuphuma ku-N-Cbz-L-lysine noma kwe-N-Cbz-lysine methyl ester.
Kulolu cwaningo, bathi isivuno se-3-O-tetradecanoyl-L-serine sasingu-80% lapho kusetshenziswa i-N-protected serine njenge-substrate kanye ne-Novozyme 435 njengesisusa endaweni encibilikisiwe engena-solvent. U-Nagao no-Kito bafunde i-O-acylation ye-L-serine, i-L-homoserine, i-L-threonine ne-L-tyrosine (LET) lapho usebenzisa i-lipase Imiphumela yokusabela (i-lipase yatholwa yi-Candida cylindracea kanye ne-Rhizopus delemar ku-aqueous buffer medium) futhi ibike ukuthi izivuno ze-acylation ye-L-homoserine ne-L-serine zaziphansi ngandlela-thile, kuyilapho kungekho i-acylation ye-L-threonine ne-LET eyenzekayo.
Abacwaningi abaningi baye basekela ukusetshenziswa kwama-substrates angabizi futhi atholakala kalula ukuze kuhlanganiswe i-AAS engabizi kakhulu. So et al. sathi ukulungiswa kwezithako ezisekelwe kumafutha esundu kusebenza kangcono nge-lipoenzyme enganyakazi. Baqaphele ukuthi isivuno semikhiqizo singaba ngcono naphezu kokusabela okudla isikhathi (izinsuku ezingu-6). Gerova et al. iphenya ukuhlanganiswa nomsebenzi wangaphezulu we-chiral N-palmitoyl AAS ngokusekelwe ku-methionine, i-proline, i-leucine, i-threonine, i-phenylalanine ne-phenylglycine kungxube ye-cyclic/racemic. U-Pang no-Chu bachaze ukuhlanganiswa kwama-amino acid asekelwe monomers kanye ne-dicarboxylic acid esekelwe monomers esixazululweni Uchungechunge lwama-amino acid asekwe nge-biodegradable ester esekelwe e-polyamide lwahlanganiswa ukusabela okuhlangene kwe-condensation esixazululweni.
I-Cantaeuzene ne-Guerreiro zibike ukufakwa kwe-esterification kwamaqembu e-carboxylic acid ye-Boc-Ala-OH ne-Boc-Asp-OH ngama-alcohol e-aliphatic ane-long-chain nama-diols, ne-dichloromethane njenge-solvent ne-agarose 4B (Sepharose 4B) njengesisusa. Kulolu cwaningo, ukusabela kwe-Boc-Ala-OH ngama-alcohols anamafutha afika ku-16 carbons kwanikeza isivuno esihle (51%), kuyilapho i-Boc-Asp-OH 6 kanye ne-12 carbons yayingcono, nesivuno esihambisanayo se-63% [64]. ]. 99.9%) ezivunweni ezisukela ku-58% kuya ku-76%, ezahlanganiswa ngokwakhiwa kwezibopho ze-amide ezinama-alkylamine amaketanga amade ahlukahlukene noma izibopho ze-ester ezinotshwala obunamafutha yi-Cbz-Arg-OMe, lapho i-papain yenza khona njenge-catalyst.
5.2.2 Ukuhlanganiswa kwama-amino acid/ama-peptide surfactants asuselwa ku-gemini
Ama-gemini surfactants asuselwa ku-amino acid ahlanganisa ama-molecule e-AAS anochungechunge oluqondile axhunywe ikhanda nekhanda kwelinye ngeqembu le-spacer. Kunezinhlelo ezi-2 ezingenzeka ze-chemoenzymatic synthesis ye-gemini-type amino acid-based surfactants (Izibalo 6 kanye ne-7). Emfanekisweni wesi-6, okuphuma ku-amino acid emi-2 kuphendulwa nenhlanganisela njengeqembu le-spacer bese kwethulwa amaqembu ama-2 e-hydrophobic. Emfanekisweni wesi-7, izakhiwo ezi-2 ze-straight-chain zixhunywe ndawonye ngeqembu le-spacer elisebenza kabili.
Ukuthuthukiswa kokuqala kwe-enzyme-catalyzed synthesis ye-gemini lipoamino acid kwaqalwa nguValivety et al. Yoshimura et al. iphenya ukuhlanganiswa, ukukhangiswa nokuhlanganiswa kwe-gemini surfactant esekelwe ku-amino acid esekelwe ku-cystine ne-n-alkyl bromide. Ama-surfactants ahlanganisiwe aqhathaniswa nama-surfactants e-monomeric ahambisanayo. Faustino et al. ichaze ukuhlanganiswa kwe-anionic urea-based monomeric AAS esekelwe ku-L-cystine, D-cystine, DL-cystine, L-cysteine, L-methionine ne-L-sulfoalanine kanye namapheya awo e-gemini ngokusebenzisa i-conductivity, ukungezwani kwendawo yokulinganisa nokuzinza. -isimo se-fluorescence izici zabo. Kwaboniswa ukuthi inani le-cmc legemini laliphansi ngokuqhathanisa i-monomer negemini.
I-Fig.6 Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-gemini AAS kusetshenziswa okuphuma ku-AA ne-spacer, okulandelwa ukufakwa kweqembu le-hydrophobic
Fig.7 Ukuhlanganiswa kwegemini AASs kusetshenziswa i-bifunctional spacer kanye ne-AAS
5.2.3 Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-glycerolipid amino acid/ama-peptide surfactants
I-Glycerolipid amino acid/peptide surfactants yikilasi elisha lama-lipid amino acid angama-analogue esakhiwo e-glycerol mono- (noma i-di-) esters nama-phospholipids, ngenxa yokwakheka kwawo kweketango elilodwa noma amabili amafutha ane-amino acid eyodwa exhunywe nomgogodla we-glycerol. ngebhondi ye-ester. Ukwenziwa kwalawa ma-surfactants kuqala ngokulungiswa kwe-glycerol esters yama-amino acid emazingeni okushisa aphakeme kanye nalapho kukhona i-catalyst ene-acidic (isb. BF 3). I-enzyme-catalyzed synthesis (ukusebenzisa ama-hydrolases, ama-proteases nama-lipase njengama-catalysts) nakho kuyindlela enhle (Umfanekiso 8).
I-enzyme-catalyzed synthesis ye-dilaurylated arginine glycerides conjugates esebenzisa i-papain kuye kwabikwa. Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-diacylglycerol ester conjugates kusuka ku-acetylarginine nokuhlolwa kwezakhiwo zabo ze-physicochemical nakho kuye kwabikwa.
Fig.8 Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-mono ne-diacylglycerol amino acid conjugates
Isikhala: NH-(CH2)10-NH: inhlanganiselaB1
Isikhala: NH-C6H4-NH: inhlanganiselaB2
Isikhala: CH2-CH2: inhlanganiselaB3
Fig.9 Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-symmetric amphiphiles etholakala ku-Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane
5.2.4 Ukuhlanganiswa kwama-amino acid/peptide surfactants asekwe kwibola
Ama-amphiphiles ohlobo lwe-bola-based asekelwe ku-amino acid aqukethe ama-amino acid ama-2 axhunywe kuchungechunge olufanayo lwe-hydrophobic. Franceschi et al. ichaze ukuhlanganiswa kwe-bola-type amphiphiles enama-amino acid angu-2 (D- noma i-L-alanine noma i-L-histidine) kanye neketango le-alkyl elingu-1 lobude obuhlukene futhi baphenya umsebenzi wabo ongaphezulu. Baxoxa ngokuhlanganisa nokuhlanganisa kwenoveli yohlobo lwe-bola-amphiphiles nengxenye ye-amino acid (kusetshenziswa noma i-β-amino acid engajwayelekile noma utshwala) kanye neqembu le-spacer le-C12 -C20. Ama-β-amino acid angajwayelekile asetshenziswa kungaba i-aminoacid kashukela, i-amino acid etholakala ku-azidothymin (AZT), i-norbornene amino acid, kanye ne-amino alcohol etholakala ku-AZT (Umfanekiso 9). ukuhlanganiswa kwe-amphiphiles yohlobo lwe-bola olulinganayo olususelwa ku-tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (Tris) (Umfanekiso 9).
06 Izici ze-Physicochemical
Kwaziwa kahle ukuthi ama-amino acid based surfactants (AAS) ahlukahlukene futhi ahlukahlukene ngokwemvelo futhi asebenza kahle ezinhlelweni eziningi ezifana ne-solubilization enhle, izakhiwo ezinhle ze-emulsification, ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu, ukusebenza okuphezulu komsebenzi kanye nokumelana kahle namanzi aqinile (i-calcium ion. ukubekezelelana).
Ngokusekelwe kuzakhi ze-surfactant zama-amino acid (isb. ukushuba kwendawo, i-cmc, ukuziphatha kwesigaba kanye nezinga lokushisa lika-Krafft), iziphetho ezilandelayo zafinyelelwa ngemva kocwaningo olubanzi - umsebenzi we-AAS ongaphezulu kunowalowo osebenza naye ovamile.
6.1 I-Critical Micelle Concentration (cmc)
I-Critical micelle concentration ingenye yemingcele ebalulekile yama-surfactants futhi ilawula izici eziningi ezisebenzayo ezingaphezulu ezifana ne-solubilization, i-cell lysis kanye nokuxhumana kwayo nama-biofilms, njll. Ngokuvamile, ukwandisa ubude beketanga lomsila we-hydrocarbon (ukwandisa i-hydrophobicity) kuholela ekwehleni. enanini le-cmc lesisombululo se-surfactant, ngaleyo ndlela ikhulise umsebenzi wayo ongaphezulu. Ama-surfactants asekelwe kuma-amino acid ngokuvamile anenani eliphansi le-cmc uma kuqhathaniswa nama-surfactants avamile.
Ngokusebenzisa inhlanganisela ehlukene yamaqembu ekhanda kanye nemisila ye-hydrophobic (i-mono-cationic amide, i-bi-cationic amide, i-bi-cationic amide-based ester), u-Infante et al. ihlanganise i-AAS emithathu esekelwe ku-arginine futhi yafunda i-cmc ne-γcmc (ukushuba kobuso ku-cmc), okubonisa ukuthi amanani e-cmc kanye ne-γcmc ehle ngokukhula kobude bomsila we-hydrophobic. Kolunye ucwaningo, i-Singare noMhatre bathola ukuthi i-cmc ye-N-α-acylarginine surfactants yehla ngokwandisa inani lama-athomu e-hydrophobic tail carbon (Ithebula 1).
Yoshimura et al. iphenya i-cmc ye-cysteine-derived amino acid-based gemini surfactants futhi yabonisa ukuthi i-cmc yehla lapho ubude be-carbon chain ochungechungeni lwe-hydrophobic bukhushulwa kusukela ku-10 kuya ku-12. okuqinisekisile ukuthi ama-gemini surfactants amaketanga amade anomkhuba ophansi wokuhlanganisa.
Faustino et al. kubika ukwakheka kwama-micelles axubile ezixazululweni ezinamanzi ze-anionic gemini surfactants esekelwe ku-cystine. Ama-gemini surfactants nawo aqhathaniswa nama-surfactants ajwayelekile e-monomeric (C 8 Cys). Amanani e-cmc engxube ye-lipid-surfactant kubikwe ukuthi aphansi kunalawo ama-surfactants amsulwa. ama-gemini surfactants kanye ne-1,2-diheptanoyl-sn-glyceryl-3-phosphocholine, i-phospholipid encibilikayo emanzini, eyenza i-micelle, ibe ne-cmc ezingeni le-millimolar.
U-Shrestha no-Aramaki baphenya ukwakheka kwama-micelles anjenge-viscoelastic worm ezixazululweni ezinamanzi zama-amino acid asuselwe ku-anionic-nonionic surfactants ngaphandle kosawoti oxubile. Kulolu cwaningo, i-N-dodecyl glutamate itholakale inezinga lokushisa eliphakeme le-Krafft; nokho, lapho inqanyuliwe nge-amino acid eyisisekelo i-L-lysine, yakhiqiza ama-micelles futhi isixazululo saqala ukusebenza njengoketshezi lwe-Newton ku-25 °C.
6.2 Ukuncibilika kahle kwamanzi
Ukuncibilika okuhle kwamanzi kwe-AAS kungenxa yokuba khona kwamabhondi e-CO-NH engeziwe. Lokhu kwenza i-AAS ibole kakhulu futhi ivumelane nemvelo kunama-surfactants ajwayelekile ahambisanayo. Ukuncibilika kwamanzi kwe-N-acyl-L-glutamic acid kungcono nakakhulu ngenxa yamaqembu ayo ama-2 carboxyl. Ukunyibilika kwamanzi kwe-Cn(CA) 2 nakho kuhle ngoba kunamaqembu e-ionic arginine ku-molecule engu-1, okuholela ekukhangiseni okusebenzayo nokusabalalisa kusixhumi esibonakalayo samaseli ngisho nokuvinjwa okusebenzayo kwebhaktheriya ezindaweni eziphansi.
6.3 Izinga lokushisa le-Krafft nephoyinti le-Krafft
Izinga lokushisa le-Krafft lingaqondwa njengokuziphatha okuthile kokuncibilika kwama-surfactants okuncibilika kwawo kwenyuke kakhulu ngaphezu kwezinga lokushisa elithile. Ama-Ionic surfactants anomkhuba wokukhiqiza ama-hydrate aqinile, angaphuma emanzini. Ezingeni elithile lokushisa (okubizwa ngokuthi izinga lokushisa lika-Krafft), ukwanda okumangalisayo nokungaqhubeki kokuncibilika kwama-surfactants kuvame ukubonwa. Iphoyinti le-Krafft le-ionic surfactant izinga lokushisa layo le-Krafft ku-cmc.
Lesi sici sokuncibilika sivame ukubonakala kuma-ionic surfactants futhi singachazwa kanje: ukunyibilika kwe-surfactant khulula monomer kukhawulelwe ngaphansi kwezinga lokushisa le-Krafft kuze kufinyelelwe endaweni ye-Krafft, lapho ukunyibilika kwayo kukhula kancane kancane ngenxa yokwakheka kwe-micelle. Ukuqinisekisa ukuncibilika okuphelele, kuyadingeka ukulungisa ukwakheka kwe-surfactant emazingeni okushisa angaphezu kwephoyinti le-Krafft.
Izinga lokushisa le-Krafft le-AAS lihlolisisiwe laqhathaniswa nelabantu abavamile bokwenziwa kokwenziwa. UShrestha no-Aramaki bafunde izinga lokushisa lika-Krafft le-AAS esekelwe ku-arginine futhi bathola ukuthi ukugxiliswa kwe-micelle okubalulekile kubonisa ukuziphatha kokuhlanganisa ngendlela yama-pre-micelles angaphezu kuka-2-5. ×10-6 mol-L -1 elandelwa ukwakheka kwe-micelle evamile (i-Ohta et al. ihlanganise izinhlobo eziyisithupha ezihlukene ze-N-hexadecanoyl AAS futhi yaxoxa ngobuhlobo phakathi kwezinsalela zabo ze-Krafft nezinsalela ze-amino acid.
Ocwaningweni, kutholwe ukuthi izinga lokushisa lika-Krafft le-N-hexadecanoyl AAS lenyuka ngosayizi onciphayo wezinsalela ze-amino acid (i-phenylalanine ihlukile), kuyilapho ukushisa kokuncibilika (ukuthatha ukushisa) kukhuphuka ngokuncipha kosayizi wezinsalela zama-amino acid (kanye ngaphandle kwe-glycine ne-phenylalanine). Kwaphetha ngokuthi kuzo zombili izinhlelo ze-alanine ne-phenylalanine, ukusebenzisana kwe-DL kunamandla kunokusebenzisana kwe-LL ngendlela eqinile ye-N-hexadecanoyl AAS usawoti.
UBrito et al. inqume izinga lokushisa lika-Krafft lochungechunge oluthathu lwama-surfactants asuselwa ku-amino acid anoveli kusetshenziswa ukuskena okuhlukile kwe-microcalorimetry futhi yathola ukuthi ukushintsha i-ion ye-trifluoroacetate ibe yi-ion ye-iodide kubangele ukwanda okukhulu kwezinga lokushisa lika-Krafft (cishe u-6 °C), lisuka ku-47 °C liya ku-53 ° C. Ukuba khona kwamabhondi e-cis-double kanye ne-unsaturation ekhona kokuphuma kokunye kwe-Ser yochungechunge olude kuholele ekwehleni okukhulu kwezinga lokushisa lika-Krafft. I-n-Dodecyl glutamate kubikwe ukuthi inezinga lokushisa eliphakeme le-Krafft. Kodwa-ke, ukungathathi hlangothi nge-amino acid eyisisekelo i-L-lysine kubangele ekwakhekeni kwama-micelles kusixazululo esiziphatha njengoketshezi lwe-Newtonian ku-25 °C.
6.4 Ukushuba kobuso
Ukungezwani okungaphezulu kwama-surfactants kuhlobene nobude bochungechunge lwengxenye ye-hydrophobic. UZhang et al. inqume ukushuba kwesimo sesodium cocoyl glycinate ngendlela yepuleti lika-Wilhelmy (25±0.2)°C futhi yanquma inani le-top tension ku-cmc njengo-33 mN-m -1, cmc njengo-0.21 mmol-L -1. Yoshimura et al. inqume ukushuba kwesimo esiphezulu se-2C n Cys uhlobo lwe-amino acid esekelwe phezu kokungezwani kwendawo ye-2C n Cys-based surface active agents. Kutholwe ukuthi ukungezwani okungaphezulu ku-cmc kwehle ngobude beketango obukhulayo (kuze kube ngu-n = 8), kuyilapho ukuthambekela kubuyiselwe emuva kuma-surfactants ane-n = 12 noma ubude beketanga elide.
Umthelela we-CaC1 2 ekucindezelekeni okungaphezulu kwama-amino acid-based surfactants e-dicarboxylated nawo uye wacwaningwa. Kulezi zifundo, i-CaC1 2 yengezwe ezixazululweni ezinamanzi zama-surfactants amathathu e-dicarboxylated amino acid (C12 MalNa 2, C12 AspNa 2, kanye ne-C12 GluNa 2). Amanani ethafeni ngemva kwe-cmc aqhathaniswa futhi kwatholakala ukuthi ukungezwani kwendawo kwehle ngokugxila okuphansi kakhulu kwe-CaC1 2. Lokhu kungenxa yomphumela wama-ion e-calcium ekuhlelweni kwe-surfactant ku-interface yegesi namanzi. ukungezwani okungaphezulu kukasawoti we-N-dodecylaminomalonate kanye ne-N-dodecylaspartate, ngakolunye uhlangothi, nakho kwakucishe kuhlale njalo kuze kufike ku-10 mmol-L -1 CaC1 2. Ngaphezulu kwe-10 mmol-L -1, ukungezwani kwendawo kukhula kakhulu, ngenxa yokwakheka kwezulu likasawoti we-calcium we-surfactant. Ngosawoti we-disodium we-N-dodecyl glutamate, ukungezwa okulinganiselwe kwe-CaC1 2 kubangele ukwehla okuphawulekayo kokungezwani kwendawo, kuyilapho ukwanda okuqhubekayo kwe-CaC1 2 ukugxilisa ingqondo akuzange kubangele izinguquko ezibalulekile.
Ukuze kunqunywe i-adsorption kinetics yohlobo lwe-gemini-AAS kusixhumi esibonakalayo segesi-amanzi, ukuqina kwendawo eguqukayo kwanqunywa kusetshenziswa indlela yokucindezela kwebhamuza ephezulu. Imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi isikhathi eside sokuhlola, i-2C 12 Cys dynamic surface tension ayizange ishintshe. Ukwehla kokuqina kwe-dynamic surface kuncike kuphela ekugxilweni, ubude bemisila ye-hydrophobic, kanye nenani lemisila ye-hydrophobic. Ukwenyuka kokugcwala kwe-surfactant, ukuncipha kobude beketango kanye nenani lamaketango kubangele ukubola ngokushesha okukhulu. Imiphumela etholwe ekugxilweni okuphezulu kwe-C n Cys (n = 8 kuya ku-12) itholakale isondelene kakhulu ne-γ cmc elinganiswa ngendlela ye-Wilhelmy.
Kolunye ucwaningo, ukungezwani okuguquguqukayo kwendawo ye-sodium dilauryl cystine (SDLC) kanye ne-sodium didecamino cystine kwanqunywa indlela yepuleti likaWilhelmy, futhi ngaphezu kwalokho, ukungezwani kwendawo yokulinganisa yezixazululo zabo ezinamanzi kwanqunywa indlela yokwehla kwevolumu. Ukusabela kwamabhondi e-disulfide kwaphenywa futhi nangezinye izindlela. Ukwengezwa kwe-mercaptoethanol ku-0.1 mmol-L -1SDLC isisombululo kuholele ekwenyukeni okusheshayo kwengcindezi ebusweni kusuka ku-34 mN-m -1 kuya ku-53 mN-m -1. Njengoba i-NaClO ingakwazi ukwenza i-oxidize amabhondi e-disulfide e-SDLC emaqenjini e-sulfonic acid, azikho izilinganiso eziye zabonwa lapho i-NaClO (5 mmol-L -1) yengezwa kusixazululo esingu-0.1 mmol-L -1 SDLC. Imakroskopu ye-electron yokudlulisela kanye nemiphumela yokuhlakazeka kokukhanya okuguquguqukayo ibonise ukuthi awekho ama-aggregate akhiwe esixazululweni. Ukushuba kwesimo se-SDLC kutholakale ukuthi kwenyuke kusuka ku-34 mN-m -1 kuya ku-60 mN-m -1 esikhathini esingamaminithi angu-20.
6.5 Ukusebenzisana kwendawo kanambambili
Kusayensi yezempilo, amaqembu amaningana afunde izici zokudlidliza zezingxube ze-cationic AAS (ama-surfactants asuselwa ku-diacylglycerol arginine) kanye nama-phospholipids kusixhumi esibonakalayo samanzi wegesi, ekugcineni aphetha ngokuthi le ndawo engeyona efanelekile idala ukusabalala kokusebenzelana kwe-electrostatic.
6.6 Izakhiwo zokuhlanganisa
Ukuhlakazwa kokukhanya okunamandla kuvame ukusetshenziselwa ukunquma izici zokuhlanganisa zama-monomer asekelwe ku-amino acid nama-gemini surfactants ekugxilweni okungaphezulu kwe-cmc, okukhipha ububanzi obubonakalayo be-hydrodynamic DH (= 2R H ). Ama-aggregate akhiwe yi-C n Cys kanye ne-2Cn Cys makhulu uma kuqhathaniswa futhi anokusabalalisa ngezinga elibanzi uma kuqhathaniswa namanye ama-surfactants. Wonke ama-surfactants ngaphandle kwe-2C 12 Cys ngokuvamile akha ama-aggregate angaba ngu-10 nm. osayizi be-micelle bama-gemini surfactants makhulu kakhulu kunalawo ozakwabo be-monomeric. Ukwenyuka kobude bochungechunge lwe-hydrocarbon nakho kuholela ekwandeni kosayizi we-micelle. ohta et al. ichaze izici zokuhlanganisa zama-stereoisomers amathathu ahlukene e-N-dodecyl-phenyl-alanyl-phenyl-alanine tetramethylammonium esixazululweni samanzi futhi yabonisa ukuthi ama-diastereoisomers anokuhlanganiswa okufanayo okubalulekile kokuhlanganisa esixazululweni samanzi. Iwahashi et al. iphenywe yi-circular dichroism, i-NMR kanye ne-vapor pressure osmometry the Ukwakheka kwe-chiral aggregates ye-N-dodecanoyl-L-glutamic acid, i-N-dodecanoyl-L-valine kanye nama-methyl esters awo ku-solvents ehlukene (njenge-tetrahydrofuran, i-acetonitrile, i-1,4 -dioxane kanye ne-1,2-dichloroethane) enezinto ezijikelezayo zaphenywa nge-dichroism eyindilinga, i-NMR kanye ne-osmometry yokucindezela komphunga.
6.7 I-interface adsorption
Ukukhangisa okuhlangene kobuso kwama-surfactants asuselwa ku-amino acid kanye nokuqhathaniswa kwawo nozakwabo ovamile nakho kungenye yezinkomba zocwaningo. Isibonelo, izici ze-adsorption ezihlangene zobuso ze-dodecyl esters zama-amino acid anephunga elimnandi ezitholwe ku-LET ne-LEP zaphenywa. Imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi i-LET kanye ne-LEP babonise izindawo ezingaphansi kobuso obuhlangene esixhumi esibonakalayo segesi-uketshezi kanye nesixhumi esibonakalayo samanzi/i-hexane, ngokulandelana.
Bordes et al. iphenya ukuziphatha kwesixazululo kanye nokukhangiswa endaweni okuhlangana kuyo negesi yamanzi kwama-surfactants amathathu e-dicarboxylated amino acid, usawoti we-disodium we-dodecyl glutamate, i-dodecyl aspartate, ne-aminomalonate (ene-athomu ye-carbon engu-3, 2, ne-1 phakathi kwamaqembu amabili e-carboxyl, ngokulandelana). Ngokwalo mbiko, i-cmc ye-dicarboxylated surfactants yayiphakeme ngokuphindwe ka-4-5 kunaleyo kasawoti we-monocarboxylated dodecyl glycine. Lokhu kubangelwa ukwakheka kwamabhondi e-hydrogen phakathi kwama-dicarboxylated surfactants nama-molecule angomakhelwane ngokusebenzisa amaqembu e-amide akuwo.
6.8 Isigaba sokuziphatha
Izigaba ze-cubic ezingaqhubeki ze-Isotropic zibonwa kuma-surfactants ekugxilweni okuphezulu kakhulu. Ama-molecule e-surfactant anamaqembu amakhulu kakhulu ekhanda avamise ukwenza ama-aggregate ama-curvature amancane amancane. marques et al. ufunde ukuziphatha kwesigaba sezinhlelo ze-12Lys12/12Ser kanye ne-8Lys8/16Ser (bheka Umfanekiso 10), futhi imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi uhlelo lwe-12Lys12/12Ser lunendawo yokuhlukanisa isigaba phakathi kwezifunda zesisombululo se-micellar kanye ne-vesicular, kuyilapho uhlelo lwe-8Lys8/16Ser Isistimu ye-8Lys8/16Ser ibonisa uguquko oluqhubekayo (isifunda sesigaba se-micellar side phakathi kwesifunda esincane sesigaba se-micellar kanye nesifunda sesigaba se-vesicle). Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi endaweni ye-vesicle yohlelo lwe-12Lys12/12Ser, ama-vesicles ahlala ehlangene nama-micelles, kuyilapho indawo ye-vesicle yesistimu ye-8Ls8/16Ser inama-vesicle kuphela.
Izingxube ze-Catanionic ze-lysine- kanye nama-surfactants asekelwe ku-serine: i-symmetric 12Lys12/12Ser ipheya(kwesokunxele) kanye ne-asymmetric 8Ls8/16Ser ipheya(kwesokudla)
6.9 Ikhono lokulingisa
Kouchi et al. ihlole ikhono lokumisa, ukungezwani kobuso, ukuhlakazeka, kanye ne-viscosity ye-N- [3-dodecyl-2-hydroxypropyl] -L-arginine, L-glutamate, kanye nezinye i-AAS. Uma kuqhathaniswa nama-surfactants okwenziwa (ozakwabo abavamile be-nonionic kanye ne-amphoteric), imiphumela ibonise ukuthi i-AAS inekhono elinamandla lokuhlanganisa i-emulsifying kunama-surfactants avamile.
Baczko et al. kwakhiwe ama-surfactants anoveli e-anionic amino acid futhi aphenya ukufaneleka kwawo njengezinyibilikisi ze-NMR ze-spectroscopy ezigxile ku-chiral. Uchungechunge lwe-sulfonate-based amphiphilic L-Phe noma L-Ala derivatives enemisila ehlukene ye-hydrophobic (pentyl~tetradecyl) yahlanganiswa ngokusabela ama-amino acid nge-o-sulfobenzoic anhydride. Wu et al. ama-salts e-sodium ahlanganisiwe we-N-fatty acyl AAS kanyeuphenye ikhono labo le-emulsification kuma-emulsions kawoyela emanzini, futhi imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi lawa ma-surfactants asebenze kangcono nge-ethyl acetate njengesigaba sikawoyela kune-n-hexane njengesigaba sikawoyela.
6.10 Intuthuko ekuhlanganiseni nasekukhiqizeni
Ukumelana namanzi aqinile kungaqondwa njengekhono lama-surfactants okumelana nokuba khona kwama-ion anjenge-calcium ne-magnesium emanzini aqinile, okungukuthi, amandla okugwema ukuduma ezinsipho ze-calcium. Ama-surfactants anokumelana namanzi aqinile aphezulu awusizo kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwezihlanzi kanye nemikhiqizo yokunakekelwa komuntu siqu. Ukumelana namanzi aqinile kungahlolwa ngokubala ushintsho ekuncibilikeni nasekusebenzeni kwangaphezulu kwe-surfactant phambi kwama-ion e-calcium.
Enye indlela yokuhlola ukumelana namanzi aqinile ukubala iphesenti noma amagremu e-surfactant edingekayo ukuze insipho ye-calcium eyenziwe ngo-100 g we-sodium oleate ukuze ihlakazwe emanzini. Ezindaweni ezinamanzi aqinile, ukugxila okuphezulu kwe-calcium ne-magnesium ion kanye nokuqukethwe kwamaminerali kungenza ezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza zibe nzima. Ngokuvamile i-sodium ion isetshenziswa njenge-count ion ye-synthetic anionic surfactant. Njengoba i-divalent calcium ion iboshelwe kuwo womabili ama-molecule e-surfactant, ibangela ukuthi i-surfactant ihle ngokushesha kusuka ekuxazululeni ukwenza ukuhlanza kube mancane amathuba okuba kube lula.
Ucwaningo lokumelana kwamanzi aqinile kwe-AAS lubonise ukuthi ukumelana ne-asidi namanzi aqinile kwakuthonywa kakhulu iqembu elengeziwe le-carboxyl, futhi ukumelana ne-asidi namanzi aqinile kwanda ngokunyuka kobude beqembu le-spacer phakathi kwamaqembu amabili e-carboxyl. . Ukuhleleka kokumelana ne-asidi nokuqinile kwamanzi kwakuyi-C 12 glycinate <C 12 aspartate <C 12 glutamate. Uma kuqhathaniswa ibhondi ye-amide ye-dicarboxylated kanye ne-dicarboxylated amino surfactant, ngokulandelana, kutholwe ukuthi ububanzi be-pH yakamuva bebubanzi futhi umsebenzi walo ongaphezulu wanda ngokungezwa kwenani elifanele le-asidi. I-dicarboxylated N-alkyl amino acids ibonise umphumela wokuhlambulula lapho kukhona i-calcium ions, futhi i-C 12 aspartate yenza ijeli emhlophe. I-c 12 glutamate ibonise umsebenzi ophezulu endaweni ekugxiliseni okuphezulu kwe-Ca 2+ futhi kulindeleke ukuthi isetshenziswe ekukhishweni kukasawoti emanzini olwandle.
6.11 Ukuhlakazeka
I-Dispersibility isho ikhono le-surfactant ukuvimbela ukuhlangana kanye ne-sedimentation ye-surfactant esixazululweni.I-Dispersibility iyimpahla ebalulekile yama-surfactants ebenza bafanelekele ukusetshenziswa ezintweni zokuhlanza, izimonyo kanye nemithi.I-ejenti ehlakazayo kufanele iqukathe i-ester, ether, amide noma amino bond phakathi kweqembu le-hydrophobic kanye neqembu le-hydrophilic terminal (noma phakathi kwamaqembu aqondile we-hydrophobic).
Ngokuvamile, ama-anionic surfactants afana ne-alkanolamido sulfates kanye nama-amphoteric surfactants afana ne-amidosulfobetaine asebenza kahle kakhulu njengama-agent ahlakazayo wezinsipho ze-calcium.
Imizamo eminingi yocwaningo inqume ukuhlakazeka kwe-AAS, lapho i-N-lauroyl lysine itholwe ingahambelani kahle namanzi futhi kunzima ukuyisebenzisela ukwakheka kwezimonyo.Kulolu chungechunge, i-N-acyl-substituted basic amino acids inokuhlakazeka okuhle kakhulu futhi isetshenziswa embonini yezimonyo ukuthuthukisa ukwakheka.
07 Ubuthi
Ama-surfactants avamile, ikakhulukazi ama-cationic surfactants, anobuthi obukhulu ezintweni eziphila emanzini. Ubuthi bazo obunamandla bubangelwa isenzeko sokusebenzelana kwe-adsorption-ion kwama-surfactants ku-interface yeseli-water. Ukunciphisa i-cmc yama-surfactants ngokuvamile kuholela ekukhangiseni okuqinile kobuso bama-surfactants, okuvamise ukuphumela ekukhuphukeni kobuthi obuyingozi. Ukwenyuka kobude be-hydrophobic chain of surfactants nakho kuholela ekwenyukeni kobuthi obuyingozi be-surfactant.Ama-AAS amaningi aphansi noma awanabo ubuthi kubantu nasendaweni ezungezile (ikakhulukazi ezintweni zasolwandle) futhi afanele ukusetshenziswa njengezithako zokudla, imithi kanye nezimonyo.Abacwaningi abaningi baye babonisa ukuthi ama-amino acid surfactants athambile futhi awacasuli isikhumba. Ama-surfactants asuselwa ku-arginine aziwa njengabanobuthi obuncane kunozakwabo abavamile.
UBrito et al. yafunda izici ze-physicochemical kanye ne-toxicological yama-amino acid-based amphiphiles kanye [okuphuma ku-tyrosine (Tyr), i-hydroxyproline (Hyp), i-serine (Ser) ne-lysine (Lys)] ukwakheka okuzenzakalelayo kwama-cationic vesicles futhi yanikeza idatha ngobuthi bayo obukhulu I-Daphnia magna (IC 50). Bahlanganise ama-cationic vesicles e-dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB)/Lys-derivatives kanye/noma ingxube ye-Ser-/Lys-derivative futhi bahlola i-ecotoxicity yabo namandla e-hemolytic, okubonisa ukuthi yonke i-AAS nezingxube zayo eziqukethe i-vesicle yayinobuthi obuncane kune-DTA evamile etholakalayo. .
URosa et al. iphenya ngokubophezela (inhlangano) ye-DNA kuma-amino acid-based cationic vesicles azinzile. Ngokungafani nama-surfactants avamile e-cationic, avame ukubonakala enobuthi, ukusebenzisana kwe-cationic amino acid surfactants kubonakala kungenabo ubuthi. I-cationic AAS isuselwe ku-arginine, eyenza ngokuzenzakalelayo ama-vesicle azinzile ahlanganiswe nama-anionic surfactants athile. Ama-amino acid-based corrosion inhibitors nawo kubikwa ukuthi awanabo ubuthi. Lawa ma-surfactants ahlanganiswa kalula ngokuhlanzeka okuphezulu (kufika ku-99%), izindleko eziphansi, ukubola kalula, futhi kuncibilika ngokuphelele emithonjeni yamanzi. Ucwaningo oluningana lubonise ukuthi ama-surfactants ane-amino acid anesulfure angcono ekuvimbeleni ukugqwala.
Ocwaningweni lwakamuva, uPerinelli et al. ibike iphrofayili ye-toxicological eyanelisayo yama-rhamnolipids uma iqhathaniswa nama-surfactants avamile. Ama-Rhamnolipids ayaziwa ukuthi asebenza njengezithuthukisi zokungena. Baphinde babika umphumela we-rhamnolipids ekungeneni kwe-epithelial kwezidakamizwa ze-macromolecular.
08 Umsebenzi wokulwa namagciwane
Umsebenzi we-antimicrobial wama-surfactants ungahlolwa ngokugxilisa okuvimbezelayo okuncane. Umsebenzi we-antimicrobial we-arginine-based surfactants uye wacwaningwa ngokuningiliziwe. Amabhaktheriya ane-Gram-negative atholwe ekwazi ukumelana kakhulu nama-surfactants asekelwe ku-arginine kunamagciwane ane-Gram-positive. Umsebenzi we-antimicrobial wama-surfactants uvame ukwanda ngokuba khona kwe-hydroxyl, i-cyclopropane noma izibopho ezingasetshenzisiwe ngaphakathi kwamaketanga e-acyl. UCastillo et al. kubonise ukuthi ubude bamaketanga e-acyl kanye nokushajwa okuhle kunquma inani le-HLB (ibhalansi ye-hydrophilic-lipophilic) ye-molecule, futhi lokhu kunomthelela ekhonweni lazo lokuphazamisa ulwelwesi. I-Nα-acylarginine methyl ester ingesinye isigaba esibalulekile sama-cationic surfactants anomsebenzi we-antimicrobial obanzi futhi Ibola kalula futhi inobuthi obuphansi noma abukho nhlobo. Ucwaningo mayelana nokusebenzisana kwama-surfactants asuselwa ku-Nα-acylarginine methyl ester ane-1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-propyltrioxyl-3-phosphorylcholine kanye ne-1,2-ditetradecanoyl-sn-propyltrioxyl-3-phosphorylcholine, ulwelwesi lwamamodeli eziphilayo, kanye nolwelwesi oluphilayo. ukuba khona noma ukungabi khona kwezithiyo zangaphandle kubonise ukuthi leli klasi lama-surfactants line-antimicrobial enhle Imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi ama-surfactants anomsebenzi omuhle we-antibacterial.
09 Izakhiwo ze-Rheological
Izakhiwo ze-rheological zama-surfactants zidlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekunqumeni nasekubikezeleni izicelo zabo ezimbonini ezahlukene, kuhlanganise nokudla, imithi, ukukhishwa kwamafutha, ukunakekelwa komuntu siqu kanye nemikhiqizo yokunakekelwa kwasekhaya. Ucwaningo oluningi lwenziwe ukuxoxa ngobudlelwano phakathi kwe-viscoelasticity yama-amino acid surfactants kanye ne-cmc.
Izicelo eziyi-10 embonini yezimonyo
I-AAS isetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kwemikhiqizo eminingi yokunakekelwa komuntu siqu.I-potassium N-cocoyl glycinate itholakala imnene esikhumbeni futhi isetshenziselwa ukuhlanza ubuso ukuze isuse udaka kanye nezimonyo. I-n-Acyl-L-glutamic acid inamaqembu amabili e-carboxyl, okwenza inyibilike kakhulu emanzini. Phakathi kwalawa ma-AAS, i-AAS esekelwe ku-C 12 fatty acids isetshenziswa kabanzi ekuhlanzeni ubuso ukuze kususwe udaka kanye nezimonyo. I-AAS enochungechunge lwe-C 18 isetshenziswa njengama-emulsifiers emikhiqizweni yokunakekelwa kwesikhumba, kanti usawoti we-N-Lauryl alanine waziwa ngokwenza amagwebu anokhilimu angacasuli isikhumba ngakho-ke angasetshenziswa ekwenziweni kwemikhiqizo yokunakekela izingane. I-N-Lauryl-based AAS esetshenziswa ku-toothpaste inokuhlanza okuhle okufana nensipho nokusebenza okuqinile kokuvimbela i-enzyme.
Emashumini ambalwa eminyaka adlule, ukukhethwa kwama-surfactants ezimonyoni, imikhiqizo yokunakekelwa komuntu siqu kanye nemithi kugxile ebungozini obuphansi, ubumnene, ubumnene ekuthinteni nasekuphepheni. Abathengi bale mikhiqizo baqaphela kakhulu ukucasuka okungaba khona, ubuthi kanye nezici zemvelo.
Namuhla, i-AAS isetshenziselwa ukwenza ama-shampoos amaningi, odayi bezinwele nezinsipho zokugeza ngenxa yezinzuzo zabo eziningi ngaphezu kozakwabo bendabuko ezimonyoni nasezikhiqizweni zokunakekelwa komuntu siqu.Ama-surfactants asekelwe kumaprotheni anezindawo ezifiselekayo ezidingekayo emikhiqizweni yokunakekelwa komuntu siqu. Amanye ama-AAS anamandla okwenza ifilimu, kanti amanye anekhono elihle lokukhihliza amagwebu.
Ama-amino acid abalulekile ngokwemvelo afaka umswakama ku-stratum corneum. Lapho amangqamuzana e-epidermal efa, aba yingxenye ye-stratum corneum futhi amaprotheni e-intracellular ayancipha kancane kancane abe ama-amino acid. Lawa ma-amino acid abe esethuthelwa adlulele ku-stratum corneum, lapho emunca amafutha noma izinto ezinjengamafutha ku-epidermal stratum corneum, ngaleyo ndlela enze ngcono ukunwebeka kwesikhumba. Cishe u-50% wezinto zemvelo zokuthambisa esikhumbeni zakhiwe ama-amino acid ne-pyrrolidone.
I-Collagen, isithako esivamile sezimonyo, iqukethe nama-amino acid agcina isikhumba sithambile.Izinkinga zesikhumba ezinjengokuhwalala nokuba buthuntu zibangelwa ingxenye enkulu yokuntuleka kwama-amino acid. Olunye ucwaningo lwabonisa ukuthi ukuxuba i-amino acid namafutha okugcoba kuqeda ukusha kwesikhumba, futhi izindawo ezithintekile zibuyela esimweni sazo esivamile ngaphandle kokuba nezibazi ze-keloid.
Ama-amino acid nawo atholakale ewusizo kakhulu ekunakekeleni ama-cuticles awonakele.Izinwele ezomile, ezingena shapeless zingase zibonise ukwehla kokugcwala kwama-amino acid ku-stratum corneum eyonakele kakhulu. Ama-amino acid anamandla okungena ku-cuticle ku-shaft yezinwele futhi amunce umswakama esikhumbeni.Leli khono lama-surfactants asekelwe ku-amino acid liwenza abe wusizo kakhulu kuma-shampoos, odayi bezinwele, izinto zokuthambisa izinwele, izinto zokuthambisa izinwele, nokuba khona kwama-amino acid kwenza izinwele ziqine.
11 Izicelo izimonyo zansuku zonke
Njengamanje, kunesidingo esikhulayo sokwenziwa kwezihlanzi ezisuselwa ku-amino acid emhlabeni jikelele.I-AAS yaziwa ngokuthi inekhono elingcono lokuhlanza, ikhono lokukhihliza amagwebu kanye nezakhiwo zokuthambisa izindwangu, okubenza bafanelekele okokugeza okusendlini, ama-shampoos, ukuwasha umzimba nezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza.I-aspartic acid-derived amphoteric AAS kubikwa ukuthi iyisihlanzi esisebenza kahle kakhulu esinezinto ezihlabayo. Ukusetshenziswa kwezithako zokuhlanza ezihlanganisa i-N-alkyl-β-aminoethoxy acids kwatholakala ukunciphisa ukucasuka kwesikhumba. Ukwakhiwa kwe-liquid detergent okuhlanganisa i-N-cocoyl-β-aminopropionate kubikwe njengesihlanzi esisebenzayo samabala kawoyela ezindaweni zensimbi. I-aminocarboxylic acid Surfactant, i-C 14 CHOHCH 2 NHCH 2 COONA, nayo ikhonjiswe ukuthi inomshini wokuhlanza ongcono futhi isetshenziselwa ukuhlanza izindwangu, okhaphethi, izinwele, ingilazi, njll. I-2-hydroxy-3-aminopropionic acid-N,N- Okuphuma ku-acetoacetic acid kwaziwa ngokuthi kunekhono elihle lokuhlanganisa futhi ngaleyo ndlela kunikeza ukuzinza kuma-bleaching agents.
Ukulungiswa kokwakhiwa kwezihlanzi okusekelwe ku-N-(N'-long-chain acyl-β-alanyl)-β-alanine kubikwe ngu-Keigo no-Tatsuya kulungelo labo lobunikazi ukuze uthole ikhono elingcono lokugeza nokuzinza, ukuphuka kalula kwegwebu kanye nokuthambisa kahle kwendwangu. . U-Kao uthuthukise ukwakheka kwe-detergent esekelwe ku-N-Acyl-1 -N-hydroxy-β-alanine futhi wabika ukucasuka okuphansi kwesikhumba, ukumelana kwamanzi okuphezulu namandla aphezulu okukhipha amabala.
Inkampani yaseJapane i-Ajinomoto isebenzisa i-AAS enobuthi obuphansi futhi ewohloka kalula ngokusekelwe ku-L-glutamic acid, i-L-arginine ne-L-lysine njengezithako eziyinhloko kuma-shampoos, okokuhlanza nezimonyo (Umfanekiso we-13). Ikhono lezithasiselo ze-enzyme ekwakhekeni kwezihlanzi ukuze kususwe ukungcola kwamaprotheni kuye kwabikwa. I-N-acyl AAS etholakala ku-glutamic acid, i-alanine, i-methylglycine, i-serine ne-aspartic acid kuye kwabikwa ngokusetshenziswa kwazo njengezihlanzi ezinhle kakhulu eziwuketshezi ezixazululweni ezinamanzi. Lawa ma-surfactants awakhulisi i-viscosity nhlobo, ngisho namazinga okushisa aphansi kakhulu, futhi angadluliswa kalula emkhunjini wokugcina wedivayisi enegwebu ukuze athole amagwebu afanayo.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jun-09-2022