Ngokusho kwethebula, ama-surfactants afanele ukusetshenziswa njengama-emulsifiers kawoyela emanzini anenani le-HLB elingu-3.5 kuya ku-6, kuyilapho lawo ama-emulsifiers angaphakathi kuwoyela ewela phakathi kuka-8 kuya ku-18.

② Ukunqunywa Kwamanani e-HLB (kususiwe).

07 I-Emulsification kanye ne-Solubilization

I-emulsion uhlelo olwakhiwe lapho uketshezi olulodwa olungenakulinganiswa luhlakazeka kwelinye ngendlela yezinhlayiya ezinhle (amaconsi noma amakristalu angama-liquid). I-emulsifier, okuwuhlobo lwe-surfactant, ibalulekile ekuqiniseni le sistimu engazinzile ye-thermodynamically ngokunciphisa amandla ahlangene ebusweni. Isigaba esikhona efomini lamaconsi ku-emulsion sibizwa ngokuthi isigaba esihlakazekile (noma isigaba sangaphakathi), kuyilapho isigaba esenza ungqimba oluqhubekayo sibizwa ngokuthi i-dispersion medium (noma isigaba sangaphandle).

① Ama-Emulsifiers nama-Emulsions

Ama-emulsion avamile ngokuvamile ahlanganisa isigaba esisodwa njengamanzi noma isixazululo esinamanzi, kanti esinye njengento ephilayo, njengamafutha noma ama-wax. Ngokuya ngokuhlakazeka kwawo, ama-emulsions angahlukaniswa njengama-water-in-oil (W/O) lapho uwoyela uhlakazwa khona emanzini, noma uwoyela emanzini (O/W) lapho amanzi ehlakazwa khona emafutheni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-emulsions ayinkimbinkimbi afana ne-W/O/W noma i-O/W/O angaba khona. Ama-Emulsifiers azinzisa ama-emulsion ngokwehlisa ukungezwani okuphakathi kobuso futhi enze ulwelwesi lwe-monomolecular. I-emulsifier kufanele ikhangise noma iqongelele kusixhumi esibonakalayo ukuze kwehliswe ukungezwani kobuso futhi idlulisele izinkokhiso kumaconsi, ikhiqize ukuxoshwa kwe-electrostatic, noma yakhe ifilimu evikelayo ene-viscosity ephezulu ezungeze izinhlayiya. Ngakho-ke, izinto ezisetshenziswa njengama-emulsifiers kufanele zibe namaqembu e-amphiphilic, angakwazi ukuhlinzekwa ngabasebenza emanzini.

② Izindlela Zokulungiselela I-Emulsion kanye Nezici Ezithonya Ukuzinza

Kunezindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko zokulungiselela ama-emulsion: izindlela zemishini zihlakaza uketshezi lube yizinhlayiyana ezincane kolunye uketshezi, kanti indlela yesibili ihilela ukuncibilikisa uketshezi ngendlela yamangqamuzana kwenye futhi kubangele ukuthi luhlanganiswe ngendlela efanele. Ukuzinza kwe-emulsion kubhekisela emandleni ayo okumelana nokuhlanganiswa kwezinhlayiyana okuholela ekuhlukaneni kwesigaba. Ama-emulsions amasistimu angazinzi we-thermodynamically anamandla amahhala aphezulu, ngakho ukuzinza kwawo kubonisa isikhathi esidingekayo ukuze kufinyelele ukulingana, okungukuthi, isikhathi esisithathayo ukuze uketshezi luhlukane ne-emulsion. Uma ama-alcohol anamafutha, ama-fatty acids, nama-amine anamafutha ekhona efilimini ehlangene, amandla olwelwesi akhula kakhulu ngoba ama-molecule ezinto eziphilayo ezipholile akha ama-complexes ongqimbeni olukhangisiwe, aqinise ulwelwesi oluhlangene ubuso.

Ama-emulsifiers akhiwe ngama-surfactants amabili noma ngaphezulu abizwa ngokuthi ama-emulsifiers axubile. Ama-emulsifiers axubile akhangisa ku-interface kawoyela wamanzi, futhi ukusebenzisana kwamangqamuzana kungakha izinto ezinciphisa kakhulu ukungezwani kobuso, okwandisa inani le-adsorbate futhi kwakhe ulwelwesi oluminyene, oluqinile lobuso.

Amaconsi ashajwe ngogesi anomthelela kakhulu ekuzinzeni kwama-emulsion. Kuma-emulsion azinzile, amaconsi ngokuvamile athwala ishaja kagesi. Uma kusetshenziswa ama-emulsifiers e-ionic, isiphetho se-hydrophobic se-ionic surfactants sifakwa esigabeni sikawoyela, kuyilapho isiphetho se-hydrophilic sihlala esigabeni samanzi, sinikeza amaconsi. Njengamacala phakathi kwamaconsi abangela ukucasuka futhi avimbele ukuhlangana, okuthuthukisa ukuzinza. Ngakho-ke, ukugcwala okukhulu kwama-emulsifier ion akhangisiwe kumaconsi, kuyanda ukushaja kwawo futhi kukhulisa ukuzinza kwe-emulsion.

I-viscosity ye-dispersion medium nayo ithinta ukuzinza kwe-emulsion. Ngokuvamile, izinsiza eziphakeme ze-viscosity zithuthukisa ukuzinza ngoba zivimbela kakhulu ukunyakaza kwamaconsi ama-Brownian, zehlisa amathuba okungqubuzana. Izinto ezinama-molecular-weight ezincibilika ku-emulsion zingandisa i-viscosity ephakathi nokuzinza. Ukwengeza, izinto ezinesisindo esikhulu samangqamuzana zingakha ulwelwesi oluqinile lwe-interfacial, luqhubeke nokuzinzisa i-emulsion. Kwezinye izimo, ukungeza izimpushana eziqinile kungaqinisa ngokufanayo ama-emulsion. Uma izinhlayiya eziqinile zimanziswa ngokugcwele ngamanzi futhi zingamanziswa uwoyela, zizogcinwa endaweni esibonakalayo sawoyela wamanzi. Izimpushana eziqinile zinzinzisa i-emulsion ngokuthuthukisa ifilimu njengoba ihlangana esixhumi esibonakalayo, njengama-surfactants adsorbed.

Ama-surfactants angathuthukisa kakhulu ukuncibilika kwezinhlanganisela eziphilayo ezingancibiliki noma ezincibilika kancane emanzini ngemva kokuba ama-micelles akheke esixazululo. Ngalesi sikhathi, ikhambi libonakala licacile, futhi leli khono libizwa ngokuthi yi-solubilization. Ama-surfactants angakhuthaza i-solubilization abizwa ngokuthi ama-solubilizer, kuyilapho ama-organic compounds e-solubilized abizwa ngokuthi ama-solubilate.

08 Igwebu

Igwebu lidlala indima ebalulekile ezinqubweni zokugeza. Igwebu libhekisela ohlelweni oluhlakazayo lwegesi ehlakazekile oketshezini noma oluqinile, olunegesi njengesigaba esihlakazekile noketshezi noma okuqinile njengendlela yokuhlakazeka, eyaziwa ngokuthi igwebu eliwuketshezi noma igwebu eliqinile, elifana namapulasitiki ayigwebu, ingilazi yegwebu, nokhonkolo wegwebu.

(1) Ukwakhiwa Kwegwebu

Igama elithi Foam libhekisela eqoqweni lamabhamuza omoya ahlukaniswe amafilimu awuketshezi. Ngenxa yomehluko omkhulu wokuminyana phakathi kwegesi (isigaba esihlakazekile) kanye noketshezi (i-dispersion medium), kanye ne-viscosity ephansi yoketshezi, amabhamuza egesi akhuphuka ngokushesha phezulu. Ukwakhiwa kwegwebu kuhilela ukufaka inani elikhulu legesi oketshezini; amabhamuza abe esebuyela ngokushesha phezulu, enze iqoqo lamabhamuza omoya ahlukaniswe ifilimu elincane eliwuketshezi. Igwebu linezici ezimbili ezihlukile ze-morphological: okokuqala, amabhamuza egesi avame ukuthatha umumo we-polyhedral ngoba ifilimu yoketshezi oluncane olusempambanweni yamabhamuza ivama ukuba mncane, ekugcineni iholele ekuqhumeni kwebhamuza. Okwesibili, uketshezi oluhlanzekile alukwazi ukwakha igwebu elizinzile; okungenani izingxenye ezimbili kufanele zibe khona ukudala igwebu. Isixazululo se-surfactant wuhlelo olujwayelekile lokwenza amagwebu amandla alo okugwaza axhumene nezinye izakhiwo zawo. Ama-surfactants anekhono elihle lokugwedla abizwa ngokuthi ama-foaming agents. Nakuba ama-ejenti akhipha amagwebu ebonisa amandla amahle okukhihliza amagwebu, igwebu abalikhiqizayo lingase lingahlali isikhathi eside, okusho ukuthi ukuzinza kwabo akuqinisekisiwe. Ukuthuthukisa ukuzinza kwegwebu, izinto ezithuthukisa ukuzinza zingase zengezwe; lezi zibizwa ngokuthi iziqinisi, ezinezinza ezivamile ezihlanganisa i-lauryl diethanolamine nama-oxide e-dodecyl dimethyl amine.

(2) Ukuzinza kwegwebu

I-Foam iyisistimu engazinzile ye-thermodynamically; ukuqhubekela phambili kwayo kwemvelo kuholela ekudabukeni, ngaleyo ndlela kunciphisa indawo yonke ewuketshezi kanye nokuncipha kwamandla amahhala. Inqubo yokukhipha amagwebu ihilela ukuncishiswa kancane kancane kwefilimu ewuketshezi ehlukanisa igesi kuze kube yilapho kwenzeka ukuphuka. Izinga lokuzinza kwegwebu lithonywa ngokuyinhloko izinga lokugeleza kwamanzi kanye namandla efilimu ewuketshezi. Izici ezinomthelela zihlanganisa:

① I-Surface Tension: Ngokombono onomdlandla, ukuqina kwendawo ephansi kuthanda ukwakheka kwegwebu kodwa akuqinisekisi ukuzinza kwegwebu. Ukuqina okuphansi kwendawo kubonisa umehluko omncane wengcindezi, okuholela ekutheni uketshezi luhambe kancane kanye nokujiya kwefilimu yoketshezi, kokubili okuvumela ukuzinza.

② I-Surface Viscosity: Isici esibalulekile ekuzinzeni kwegwebu amandla efilimu ewuketshezi, ngokuyinhloko anqunywa ukuqina kwefilimu yokukhangiswa kwendawo, kukalwa nge-viscosity yangaphezulu. Imiphumela yokuhlola ibonisa ukuthi izixazululo ezine-viscosity ephezulu zikhiqiza igwebu elihlala isikhathi eside ngenxa yokusebenzisana okuthuthukisiwe kwamangqamuzana kufilimu ye-adsorbed okwandisa kakhulu amandla olwelwesi.

③ I-Viscosity Yesixazululo: I-viscosity ephakeme oketshezini ngokwalo ibambezela ukuphuma koketshezi olusuka kulwelwesi, ngaleyo ndlela kwelule isikhathi sokuphila sefilimu ewuketshezi ngaphambi kokugqashuka, kuthuthukisa ukuqina kwegwebu.

④ Isenzo “Sokulungisa” Sokuqina Kobuso: Ama-surfactants akhangiswa kulwelwesi angamelana nokunwetshwa noma ukufinyela kwendawo yefilimu; lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi isenzo sokulungisa. Lapho ama-surfactants ekhangisa ifilimu ewuketshezi futhi andisa indawo yayo engaphezulu, lokhu kunciphisa ukugcwala kwe-surfactant phezulu futhi kukhulisa ukushuba kwendawo; ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukufinyela kuholela ekwandeni kokugxiliswa kwe-surfactant ngaphezulu futhi kamuva kunciphisa ukushuba kwesimo sezulu.

⑤ Ukusakazwa Kwegesi Ngefilimu Yoketshezi: Ngenxa yokucindezela kwe-capillary, amabhamuza amancane athambekele ekubeni nomfutho ophakeme wangaphakathi uma kuqhathaniswa namabhamuza amakhulu, okuholela ekusakazweni kwegesi esuka kumabhamuza amancane abe amakhulu, abangele amabhamuza amancane ukuba ashwabane futhi amakhulu akhule, ekugcineni abangele ukuwa kwegwebu. Ukusetshenziswa okungaguquguquki kwama-surfactants kudala amabhamuza afanayo, asabalaliswe kahle futhi kuvimbela ukukhipha amagwebu. Ngama-surfactants ahlanganiswe ngokuqinile efilimini ye-liquid, ukusakazeka kwegesi kuyavinjwa, ngaleyo ndlela kuthuthukisa ukuzinza kwegwebu.

⑥ Umthelela We-Surface Charge: Uma ifilimu yoketshezi oluyigwebu ithwala ukushajwa okufanayo, izindawo ezimbili zizoxoshana, zivikele ifilimu ekubeni izacile noma yephuke. Ama-surfactants e-Ionic anganikeza lo mphumela wokuzinzisa. Kafushane, amandla efilimu ewuketshezi iyisici esibalulekile esinquma ukuzinza kwegwebu. Ama-surfactants asebenza njengamagwebu neziqinisi kufanele enze ama-molecule amuncedwe asondelene, njengoba lokhu kuthinta kakhulu ukusebenzisana kwamangqamuzana obuso obuhlangene, kuthuthukise amandla efilimu engaphezulu futhi ngaleyo ndlela kuvimbele uketshezi ukuthi lungagelezi lusuka efilimini engumakhelwane, kwenze ukuzinza kwegwebu kufinyeleleke kakhudlwana.

(3) Ukubhujiswa Kwegwebu

Isimiso esiyisisekelo sokubhujiswa kwegwebu sihilela ukuguqula izimo ezikhiqiza igwebu noma ukuqeda izici zokuzinzisa zegwebu, okuholela ezindleleni zokuqeda amagwebu ngokomzimba namakhemikhali. Ukukhipha amagwebu ngokomzimba kugcina ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali esixazululo esinegwebu ngenkathi kushintsha izimo ezifana nokuphazamiseka kwangaphandle, izinga lokushisa, noma izinguquko zengcindezi, kanye nokwelashwa kwe-ultrasonic, zonke izindlela eziphumelelayo zokuqeda igwebu. Ukukhipha amagwebu ngamakhemikhali kubhekisela ekwengezweni kwezinto ezithile ezisebenzisana namagwebu ukuze kuncishiswe amandla efilimu ewuketshezi ngaphakathi kwegwebu, kunciphise ukuzinza kwegwebu kanye nokufeza ukubola. Izinto ezinjalo zibizwa ngokuthi ama-defoamers, iningi lawo okungama-surfactants. Ama-Defoamers ngokuvamile anekhono eliphawulekayo lokunciphisa ukungezwani kwendawo futhi angakhanga kalula endaweni engaphezulu, ngokusebenzisana okubuthakathaka phakathi kwama-molecule akhona, ngaleyo ndlela adale ukwakheka kwamangqamuzana ahleleke ngokukhululekile. Izinhlobo ze-Defoamer zihlukahlukene, kodwa ngokuvamile zingama-nonionic surfactants, anotshwala obunamagatsha, ama-fatty acid, ama-fatty acid ester, ama-polyamides, ama-phosphates, namafutha a-silicone avame ukusetshenziswa njengama-defoamers amahle kakhulu.

(4) Igwebu Nokuhlanza

Inani le-foam alihambisani ngokuqondile nokusebenza kokuhlanza; igwebu ngaphezulu akusho ukuhlanza kangcono. Isibonelo, ama-nonionic surfactants angase akhiqize igwebu elincane kunensipho, kodwa angase abe namandla okuhlanza aphakeme. Kodwa-ke, ezimweni ezithile, igwebu lingasiza ekususeni ukungcola; isibonelo, igwebu elisuka ekugezeni izitsha lisiza ekuthwaleni amafutha, kuyilapho ukuhlanza amakhaphethi kuvumela igwebu ukuthi likhiphe ukungcola nokungcola okuqinile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, igwebu lingabonisa ukusebenza kwe-detergent; amafutha anamafutha amaningi ngokuvamile avimbela ukwakheka kwamabhamuza, okubangela ukuntuleka kwegwebu noma ukuncipha kwegwebu elikhona, okubonisa ukusebenza okuphansi kokuhlanza. Ukwengeza, igwebu lingasebenza njengenkomba yokuhlanzeka kokugeza, njengoba amazinga egwebu emanzini okugeza ngokuvamile ehla ngokugxila okuphansi kwe-detergent.

09 Inqubo Yokugeza

Uma sikhuluma kabanzi, ukugeza kuyinqubo yokukhipha izingxenye ezingafuneki entweni ehlanzwayo ukuze kufezwe injongo ethile. Ngokwemibandela evamile, ukugeza kubhekisela ekukhishweni kokungcola ebusweni bomuntu othwalayo. Ngesikhathi sokugeza, izinto ezithile zamakhemikhali (njengezihlanzi) zisebenza ukuze zenze buthaka noma ziqede ukusebenzisana phakathi kokungcola nesithwali, ziguqule isibopho phakathi kokungcola nesithwali sibe isibopho phakathi kokungcola nesihlanzi, okuvumela ukuhlukana kwazo. Uma kubhekwa ukuthi izinto ezizohlanzwa kanye nokungcola okudingeka kukhishwe kungahluka kakhulu, ukuwasha kuyinqubo eyinkimbinkimbi, engenziwa lula ebuhlotsheni obulandelayo:

Isithwali • Ukungcola + Okokuhlanza = Isithwali + Ukungcola • Okokuhlanza. Inqubo yokuwasha ngokuvamile ingahlukaniswa izigaba ezimbili:

1. Ukungcola kuhlukaniswa nesithwali ngaphansi kwesenzo somuthi wokuwasha;

2. Ukungcola okuhlukanisiwe kuyahlakazwa futhi kumiswe phakathi nendawo. Inqubo yokuwasha iyabuyiseleka emuva, okusho ukuthi ukungcola okuhlakaziwe noma okumisiwe kungase kuhlale futhi entweni ehlanziwe. Ngakho-ke, okokuhlanza okusebenzayo akudingi nje kuphela ikhono lokukhipha ukungcola esiphathini kodwa futhi nokuhlakaza nokumisa ukungcola, kuvimbele ukuthi kungahlali kabusha.

(1) Izinhlobo Zokungcola

Ngisho nento eyodwa ingaqongelela izinhlobo ezihlukene, ukwakheka, namanani okungcola kuye ngomongo wokusetshenziswa kwayo. Ukungcola okunamafutha ikakhulukazi kunamafutha ezilwane nezitshalo ahlukahlukene kanye namafutha amaminerali (njengowoyela ongahluziwe, uwoyela wokubasa, itiyela lamalahle, njll.); ukungcola okuqinile kuhlanganisa izinhlayiya ezifana nensimu, uthuli, ukugqwala, kanye ne-carbon black. Ngokuphathelene nokungcola kwezingubo, kungavela ekusithekeni komuntu njengomjuluko, i-sebum, negazi; amabala ahlobene nokudla njengamabala esithelo noma amafutha kanye nezinongo; izinsalela zezimonyo ezifana ne-lipstick ne-nail polish; izinto ezingcolisa umoya njengentuthu, uthuli nomhlabathi; namabala engeziwe njengoyinki, itiye, nopende. Lezi zinhlobonhlobo zokungcola ngokuvamile zingahlukaniswa zibe izinhlobo eziqinile, eziwuketshezi, nezikhethekile.

① Ukungcola Okuqinile: Izibonelo ezijwayelekile zifaka umule, udaka, nezinhlayiya zothuli, eziningi zazo ezivame ukuba nezindleko—ngokuvamile ezinecala elibi—ezinamathela kalula ezintweni ezinefiber. Ukungcola okuqinile ngokuvamile akuncibiliki kancane emanzini kodwa kungahlakazwa futhi kumiswe ezintweni zokuhlanza. Izinhlayiya ezincane kuno-0.1μm zingaba inselele ngokukhethekile ukuzisusa.

② Ukungcola Okuwuketshezi: Lokhu kufaka phakathi izinto ezinamafutha ezincibilika uwoyela, ezihlanganisa amafutha ezilwane, ama-acids anamafutha, uphuzo oludakayo olunamafutha, uwoyela wamaminerali, nama-oxides awo. Nakuba amafutha ezilwane nemifino kanye nama-acids anamafutha angasabela nge-alkali ukuze enze insipho, ama-alcohols anamafutha namafutha amaminerali awenzi i-saponification kodwa angancibilika ngama-alcohol, ama-ethers, nama-hydrocarbon ephilayo, futhi angafakwa emulsified futhi ahlakazwe ngezixazululo zokuhlanza. Ukungcola okunamafutha okuwuketshezi kuvame ukunamathela ngokuqinile ezintweni ezine-fibrous ngenxa yokusebenzisana okuqinile.

③ Ukungcola Okukhethekile: Lesi sigaba siqukethe amaprotheni, isitashi, igazi, nezimfihlo zabantu njengomjuluko nomchamo, kanye namajusi ezithelo netiye. Lezi zinto zivame ukubopha ngokuqinile emicu ngokuhlangana kwamakhemikhali, okwenza kube nzima ukuwageza. Izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zokungcola azivamile ukuba khona ngokuzimela, kunalokho zihlangana ndawonye futhi zinamathele ngokuqoqekile endaweni ethile. Ngokuvamile, ngaphansi kwamathonya angaphandle, ukungcola kungakhipha i-oxidize, ukubola, noma ukubola, ukukhiqiza izinhlobo ezintsha zokungcola.

(2) Ukunamathela Kokungcola

Ukungcola kunamathela ezintweni ezifana nezingubo nesikhumba ngenxa yokusebenzisana okuthile phakathi kwento nokungcola. Amandla okunamathelisa phakathi kokungcola nento angabangelwa ukunamathela ngokomzimba noma kwamakhemikhali.

① Ukunamathela Emzimbeni: Ukunamathela kokungcola okufana nensiza, uthuli, nodaka kuhilela kakhulu ukusebenzisana okubuthakathaka ngokomzimba. Ngokuvamile, lezi zinhlobo zokungcola zingasuswa kalula ngenxa yokunamathela kwazo okubuthakathaka, okubangelwa ikakhulukazi amandla emishini noma kagesi.

A: I-Mechanical Adhesion**: Lokhu ngokuvamile kubhekisela ekungcoleni okuqinile njengothuli noma isihlabathi esinamathela ngezindlela zomshini, okulula ukuzisusa, nakuba izinhlayiya ezincane ezingaphansi kuka-0.1μm kunzima kakhulu ukuzisusa.

B: I-Electrostatic Adhesion**: Lokhu kuhilela izinhlayiya zokungcola ezishajiwe ezisebenzisana nezinto ezishajwa ngokuphambene; ngokuvamile, izinto ezine-fibrous zithwala amashaji angalungile, okubavumela ukuba bahehe abalandeli abashajwa kahle njengosawoti othile. Ezinye izinhlayiya ezishajwa kabi zisenganqwabelana kule micu ngamabhuloho e-ionic akhiwe ama-ion aqondile esixazululweni.

② Ukunamathela Kwamakhemikhali: Lokhu kubhekisela ekungcoleni okunamathela entweni ngamabhondi amakhemikhali. Isibonelo, ukungcola kwe-polar okuqinile noma izinto ezifana nokugqwala kuvame ukunamathela ngokuqinile ngenxa yezibopho zamakhemikhali ezakhiwe ngamaqembu asebenzayo afana namaqembu e-carboxyl, i-hydroxyl, noma i-amine akhona ezintweni ezine-fibrous. Lezi zibopho zidala ukusebenzisana okunamandla, okwenza kube nzima ukususa ukungcola okunjalo; ukwelashwa okukhethekile kungase kudingeke ukuhlanza ngempumelelo. Izinga lokunamathela kokungcola lincike kuzo zombili izakhiwo zokungcola ngokwazo kanye nalezo ezingaphezulu enamathela kuzo.

(3) Izindlela Zokukhipha Ukungcola

Inhloso yokugeza iwukuqeda ukungcola. Lokhu kuhilela ukusebenzisa izenzo ezihlukahlukene zomzimba nezamakhemikhali zezihlanzi ukwenza buthaka noma ukuqeda ukunamathela phakathi kokungcola nezinto eziwashiwe, kusizwa amandla emishini (njengokukhuhla okwenziwa ngesandla, ukunyakaza komshini wokuwasha, noma umthelela wamanzi), ekugcineni okuholela ekuhlukaniseni ukungcola.

① Indlela Yokususa Ukungcola Okuwuketshezi

A: Ubumanzi: Ukungcola okuningi okuwuketshezi kunamafutha futhi kuvame ukumanzisa izinto ezihlukahlukene ezinemicu, kwenze ifilimu enamafutha phezu kwendawo yazo. Isinyathelo sokuqala sokugeza isenzo somshini wokuhlanza esibangela ukumanziswa kwendawo.
B: I-Rollup Mechanism Yokukhipha Uwoyela: Isinyathelo sesibili sokukhipha ukungcola okuwuketshezi senzeka ngenqubo yokugoqa. Ukungcola okuwuketshezi okusabalala njengefilimu ngaphezulu kugeleza kancane kancane kube amaconsi ngenxa yokumanzisa okukhethekile koketshezi oluwasha endaweni ene-fibrous, ekugcineni kuthathelwe indawo uketshezi oluwashayo.

② Indlela Yokususa Ukungcola Okuqinile

Ngokungafani nokungcola okuwuketshezi, ukukhishwa kokungcola okuqinile kuncike emandleni oketshezi oluwashayo lokumanzisa kokubili izinhlayiya zokungcola kanye nengaphezulu lempahla yenkampani yenethiwekhi. I-adsorption yama-surfactants ezindaweni zokungcola okuqinile kanye nesithwali kunciphisa amandla abo okuxhumana, ngaleyo ndlela kwehlisa amandla okunamathela ezinhlayiya zokungcola, okwenza kube lula ukuzisusa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-surfactants, ikakhulukazi ama-ionic surfactants, angakhuphula amandla kagesi okungcola okuqinile kanye nezinto ezingaphezulu, kube lula ukususwa okwengeziwe.

Ama-Nonionic surfactants athambekele ekukhangiseni ezindaweni eziqinile ezishajwa ngokuvamile futhi angakha ungqimba olubalulekile lwe-adsorbed, okuholela ekwehliseni ukuhlaliswa kabusha kokungcola. Ama-Cationic surfactants, nokho, anganciphisa amandla kagesi okungcola kanye nendawo yokuthwala, okuholela ekuncipheni kokuncishana futhi kuphazamise ukukhishwa kokungcola.

③ Ukususwa Kokungcola Okukhethekile

Izihlanzi ezijwayelekile zingase zilwe namabala anenkani avela kumaprotheni, isitashi, igazi, nokuphuma komzimba. Ama-enzyme afana ne-protease angasusa ngempumelelo amabala amaprotheni ngokuphula amaprotheni abe ama-amino acid ancibilikayo noma ama-peptide. Ngokufanayo, isitashi singaboliswa sibe ushukela nge-amylase. I-Lipase ingasiza ukubola ukungcola kwe-triacylglycerol okuvamise ukuba nzima ukukususa ngezindlela ezivamile. Amabala asuka kujusi wezithelo, itiye, noma uyinki kwesinye isikhathi adinga ama-oxidizing agents noma ama-reductants, asabelana namaqembu akhiqiza imibala ukuze alulaze abe yizingcezu eziningi ezincibilika emanzini.

(4) Indlela Yokuhlanza Okomile

Amaphuzu okukhulunywe ngawo ngenhla aphathelene ngokuyinhloko nokugeza ngamanzi. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokuhlukahluka kwezindwangu, ezinye izinto zingase zingaphenduli kahle ekugezeni kwamanzi, okuholela ekushintshashintsheni, ukufiphala kombala, njll. Imicu eminingi yemvelo iyanda lapho imanzi futhi incipha kalula, okuholela ekushintsheni kwesakhiwo esingathandeki. Ngakho-ke, ukuhlanza okomile, ngokuvamile kusetshenziswa izincibilikisi eziphilayo, kuvame ukuthandwa kulezi zindwangu.

Ukuhlanza okomile kuthambile uma kuqhathaniswa nokuwashwa okumanzi, njengoba kunciphisa isenzo somshini esingalimaza izingubo. Ukukhipha ukungcola okusebenzayo ekuhlanzeni okomile, ukungcola kuhlukaniswa ngezinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko:

① Ukungcola Okuncibilika Uwoyela: Lokhu kufaka phakathi amafutha namafutha, ancibilika kalula ezihlanzini zokuhlanza ezomile.

② Ukungcola Okuncibilika Ngamanzi: Lolu hlobo lungancibilika emanzini kodwa hhayi kuzincibilikisi ezomile zokuhlanza, ezihlanganisa usawoti wezinto ezingaphili, isitashi, namaphrotheni, angase acwebezele uma amanzi esehwamukile.

③ Ukungcola Okungewona Uwoyela- noma Okungancibiliki Amanzi: Lokhu kuhlanganisa izinto ezifana nekhabhoni emnyama namasilicate ensimbi angancibiliki kunoma yikuphi okuphakathi.

Uhlobo ngalunye lokungcola ludinga amasu ahlukene okususwa okuphumelelayo ngesikhathi sokuhlanza okomile. Ukungcola okuncibilika ku-oyela kususwa ngendlela yendlela kusetshenziswa izincibilikisi zemvelo ngenxa yokuncibilika kwazo okuhle kakhulu kuzincibilikisi ezingapholi. Ukuze uthole amabala ancibilikayo emanzini, amanzi anele kufanele abe khona endaweni yokuhlanza okomile ngoba amanzi abalulekile ekususeni ukungcola okusebenzayo. Ngeshwa, njengoba amanzi ene-solubility encane kuma-ejenti okuhlanza okomile, ama-surfactants avame ukungezwa ukusiza ukuhlanganisa amanzi.

Ama-surfactants athuthukisa umthamo wamanzi we-ejenti yokuhlanza futhi asize ekuqinisekiseni ukuncibilika kokungcola okuncibilika emanzini ngaphakathi kwama-micelles. Ukwengeza, ama-surfactants angavimbela ukungcola ekwenzeni amadiphozithi amasha ngemva kokugeza, okuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokuhlanza. Ukwengezwa kancane kwamanzi kubalulekile ekususeni lokhu kungcola, kodwa amanani amaningi kakhulu angaholela ekuhlanekeni kwendwangu, ngaleyo ndlela kudinge okuqukethwe kwamanzi okulinganiselayo ezixazululweni zokuhlanza ezomile.

(5) Izinto Ezithinta Isenzo Sokugeza

I-adsorption yama-surfactants ezindaweni zokusebenzelana kanye nomphumela wokunciphisa ukungezwani phakathi kobuso kubalulekile ekukhipheni ukungcola okuwuketshezi noma okuqinile. Kodwa-ke, ukuwasha kuyinkimbinkimbi ngokwemvelo, kuthonywa izici eziningi kuzo zonke izinhlobo zokuhlanza ezifanayo. Lezi zici zifaka ukugxilwa kwe-detergent, izinga lokushisa, izakhiwo zokungcola, izinhlobo ze-fiber, kanye nesakhiwo sendwangu.

① Ukugxiliswa Kwama-Surfactants: Ama-Micelles akhiwe ama-surfactants adlala indima ebalulekile ekuwasheni. Ukusebenza kahle kokuwasha kukhula kakhulu uma ukugxilisa ingqondo sekwedlule i-critical micelle concentration (CMC), yingakho okokuhlanza kufanele kusetshenziswe ezindaweni ezigxile kakhulu kune-CMC ukuze ziwashwe ngempumelelo. Kodwa-ke, ukugxilisa okokuhlanza okungaphezulu kwe-CMC kuveza izinzuzo ezinciphayo, okwenza ukugxilisa kakhulu kungenasidingo.

② Umthelela Wezinga Lokushisa: Izinga lokushisa linomthelela omkhulu ekuhlanzeni ukusebenza kahle. Ngokuvamile, amazinga okushisa aphezulu enza kube lula ukususwa kokungcola; Nokho, ukushisa ngokweqile kungase kube nemiphumela emibi. Ukuphakamisa izinga lokushisa kuvame ukusiza ekuhlakazweni kokungcola futhi kungase kubangele ukungcola okunamafutha ukuba kufakwe emulsify kalula. Nokho, ezindwangu ezilukwe ngokuqinile, izinga lokushisa elikhuphukayo elenza imicu ikhukhumale kunganciphisa ngokungazi ukususa ukusebenza kahle.

Ukushintshashintsha kwezinga lokushisa kuphinde kuthinte ukunyibilika kwe-surfactant, i-CMC, nezibalo ze-micelle, ngaleyo ndlela kube nomthelela ekusebenzeni kahle kokuhlanza. Kwama-surfactants amaningi amaketanga amade, amazinga okushisa aphansi anciphisa ukuncibilika, ngezinye izikhathi abe ngaphansi kwe-CMC yawo; ngakho-ke, ukufudumala okufanelekile kungase kudingeke ukuze usebenze kahle. Umthelela wezinga lokushisa ku-CMC nama-micelles uyahluka kuma-ionic aqhathaniswa nama-nonionic surfactants: ukukhulisa izinga lokushisa ngokuvamile kuphakamisa i-CMC yama-ionic surfactants, ngaleyo ndlela kudinga ukulungiswa kokugxilisa ingqondo.

③ Igwebu: Kunombono oyiphutha ojwayelekile oxhumanisa ikhono lokukhihliza amagwebu nokusebenza kahle kokugeza—igwebu eliningi alilingani nokugeza okuphakeme. Ubufakazi obunamandla bubonisa ukuthi okokuhlanza okunamagwebu amancane kungasebenza ngokulinganayo. Kodwa-ke, igwebu lingasiza ekukhipheni ukungcola kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza, njengokuwashwa kwezitsha, lapho igwebu lisiza ukususa amafutha noma ekuhlanzeni ukhaphethi, lapho lisusa khona ukungcola. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuba khona kwegwebu kungabonisa ukuthi izinto zokuhlanza ziyasebenza yini; amafutha engeziwe angavimbela ukwakheka kwegwebu, kuyilapho ukuncipha kwegwebu kubonisa ukuncipha kokugcwala kwezihlanzi.

④ Uhlobo Lwefayibha Nezakhiwo Zendwangu: Ngalé kwesakhiwo samakhemikhali, ukubukeka nokuhleleka kwemicu kuthonya ukunamathela kokungcola kanye nobunzima bokususa. Imicu enezakhiwo ezimahhadlahhadla noma eziyisicaba, njengovolo noma ukotini, ivamise ukubamba ukungcola kalula kunemicu ebushelelezi. Izindwangu ezilukwe eduze zingase ziqale zimelane nokunqwabelana kokungcola kodwa zingavimbela ukuwashwa okuphumelelayo ngenxa yokufinyelela okulinganiselwe kokungcola okuvalelekile.

⑤ Ukuqina Kwamanzi: Ukugxila kwe-Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, namanye ama-ion ensimbi kuthinta kakhulu imiphumela yokuwasha, ikakhulukazi kuma-anionic surfactants, angenza usawoti ongancibiliki onciphisa ukusebenza kahle kokuhlanza. Emanzini aqinile ngisho nokugxilwa kwe-surfactant okwanele, ukuhlanza akuphumelelanga uma kuqhathaniswa namanzi acwecwe. Ukuze uthole ukusebenza okuphezulu kwe-surfactant, ukugxiliswa kwe-Ca²⁺ kufanele kuncishiswe kube ngaphansi kuka-1×10⁻⁶ mol/L (CaCO₃ ngaphansi kuka-0.1 mg/L), ngokuvamile okudinga ukufakwa kwezinto ezithambisa amanzi ngaphakathi kokwakheka kwezihlanzi.