Ngokusho kwetafula, ama-surfactants alungele ukusetshenziswa njengoba ama-emulsifiers wamafutha angaphakathi kwamanzi anenani le-HLB elingu-3.5 kuye ku-6, ngenkathi lezo zama-emulsifers ezinamanzi-ku-oyela ziwe phakathi kuka-8 kuye ku-18.

② Ukunqunywa kwamanani we-HLB (ashiyiwe).

I-07 emulsation kanye nokwenyusa

I-emulsion uhlelo olusungulwe lapho uketshezi olulodwa olungabonakali luhlakazeka kwelinye ngesimo sezinhlayiya ezinhle (amaconsi noma amakristalu awuketshezi). I-emulsifier, okuwuhlobo lwe-survivider, ibalulekile ekuqiniseni lokhu okuhlala kungazinzile ngokunciphisa amandla okuzijabulisa. Isigaba esikhona ngefomu le-Droplet e-Emulsion sibizwa ngokuthi isigaba esihlakazekile (noma isigaba sangaphakathi), ngenkathi isigaba sakha isendlalelo esiqhubekayo sibizwa ngokuthi yi-Dispersion Medium (noma isigaba sangaphandle).

① Emulsifiers kanye ama-emulsions

Ama-emulsion ajwayelekile ngokuvamile aqukethe isigaba esisodwa nje noma ikhambi lamanzi noma elinamanzi, kanti elinye njengento e-organic, njengamafutha noma ama-waxes. Ngokuya ngokuhlakazeka kwabo, ama-emulsions angahlukaniswa njengamanzi-in-oyela (w / o) lapho uwoyela ahlakazeka emanzini, noma amafutha-emanzini (o / w) lapho amanzi ahlakazeka khona emafutheni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-emulsion ayinkimbinkimbi afana ne-W / O / W noma o / w / o angaba khona. Ama-Emulsifiers aqinisa ama-emulsions ngokwehlisa ukungezwani kwezentengiselwano futhi akha ulwelwesi monolecular. I-emulsifier kumele i-adsorb noma iqongelela esibonakalayo ukwehlisa ukungezwani kwezingcingo futhi idlulisele amacala kumaconsi, ukukhiqiza ukukhishwa kwe-electrostatic, noma yakha ifilimu elivikelayo eliphakeme elizungeza izinhlayiya. Ngenxa yalokho, izinto ezisetshenziswa njengoba ama-emulsifiers kumele adle ama-aphphiphilic, okuthi ama-surfactants anganikeza.

Izindlela ② zokulungiswa kwe-emulsion nezinto ezithonya ukuqina

Kunezindlela ezimbili eziphambili zokulungiselela ama-emulsions: Izindlela zemishini zisabalalisa uketshezi zibe izinhlayiya ezincane kolunye uketshezi, kuyilapho indlela yesibili ifaka phakathi ukuqeda uketshezi ngesimo se-moleculal kwenye futhi ibangele ukuba bahlanganise ngokufanele. Ukuqina kwe-emulsion kusho amandla ayo okumelana nengxenye yezinhlayiya eziholela ekuhlukaniseni isigaba. Ama-emulsions amasistimu angenakuzindla anamandla anamandla aphezulu wamahhala, ngakho-ke ukuqina kwabo kukhombisa isikhathi esidingekayo ukufinyelela ukulingana, okungukuthi, isikhathi esidingayo ukuze sihlukane ne-emulsion. Lapho amafutha anamafutha, ama-acidi anamafutha, kanye namafutha akhona kwifilimu ye-interfacial, amandla kalwelwesi akhuphuka kakhulu ngoba ama-molecule we-polar arganic akhuphuka izakhiwo ze-adsorbed, egcizelela ulwelwesi lwe-interfacial.

Ama-emulsifiers ahlanganiswe ama-surfiants amabili noma ngaphezulu abizwa ngokuthi ama-emulsifers ahlanganisiwe. I-Adsorb ehlanganisiwe e-Emulsiferiers esibonakalayo samanzi, kanye nokusebenzisana kwamangqamuzana kungakha izakhiwo eziphansi kakhulu ukungezwani okuthe xaxa, okwandisa inani le-adsorbate nokwakha ama-denser, ulwelwesi olunamandla lokuhlangana.

Amaconsi akhokhiswa ngogesi athonya kakhulu ukuqina kwama-emulsions. E-Emulsions ezinzile, amaconsi ngokuvamile aphatha imali kagesi. Lapho kusetshenziswa ama-ionic emulsifiers, ukuphela kwe-hydrophobic kwe-ionic surfactants kufakwa esigabeni samafutha, ngenkathi ukuphela kwe-hydrophilic kuhlala esigabeni samanzi, kudluliselwa kumaconsi. Njengamacala phakathi kwamaconsi kubangela ukuxabana futhi uvikele ama-coalescence, athuthukisa ukuqina. Ngakho-ke, kukhudlwana ukugcwala kwama-emulsifier ion adsorbed kumaconsi, kukhudlwana umthwalo wawo wokuqina kwawo kanye nokuqina kwe-emulsion.

I-viscosity ephakathi nendawo ephakathi nayo ithinta ukuqina kwe-emulsion. Ngokujwayelekile, ama-viscosis aphezulu aphezulu athuthukisa ukuqina ngoba anamandla athikameza ukunyakaza kwamaconsi acorozela, wehlisa amathuba okushayisana. Izinto eziphakeme-zesisindo ezincibilikayo ezincibilika emulsion zingandisa i-viscosity ephakathi nokuqina. Ngokwengeziwe, izinto eziphakeme kakhulu ze-molecular zingakha ulwelwesi olunamandla lokuxhumana, ziqinisa futhi i-emulsion. Kwezinye izimo, ukungeza amapopi aqinile angaqinisa ama-emulsions. Uma izinhlayiya eziqinile zimanzi ngokugcwele ngamanzi futhi zingashwabashwa ngamafutha, zizogcinwa esibonakalayo samafutha. Ama-Powders aqinile aqinisa i-emulsion ngokuthuthukisa le filimu njengoba ahlangana esibonakalayo, athanda kakhulu ama-adserbed.

Ama-surfactants angathuthukisa kakhulu i-solubility yezinhlanganisela ze-organic ezingenazimpawu noma ezincane ezincane emanzini ngemuva kokuba ama-michelles asungule isixazululo. Ngalesi sikhathi, ikhambi libonakala licacile, futhi lokhu kunamandla kubizwa ngokuthi yi-tubilization. Ama-surfactants angakhuthaza ukushukumisa ukunyusa abizwa ngokuthi ama-solubililizer, kanti ama-organic ahlanganisiwe asolandile abizwa ngokuthi yi-allubil.

08 Foam

UFoam udlala indima ebalulekile ezinhlelweni zokuwasha. UFoam ubhekisela ohlelweni oluhlakazekile lwegesi oluhlakazekile ngoketshezi noma oluqinile, olunegesi njengesigaba esihlakazekile noketshezi noma luqinile njengezimpungushe eziwuketshezi, ezaziwa njengezinhlamvu ezi-Foam, ezifana nokhonkolo.

(1) ukwakheka kwe-foam

Igama elithi Foam libhekisela eqoqweni lama-bubble omoya ahlukaniswe amafilimu awuketshezi. Ngenxa yomehluko wobukhulu obukhulu phakathi kwegesi (isigaba esihlakazekile) kanye noketshezi (okuhlangenwe nakho okuphakathi), kanye nokubonakaliswa okuphansi koketshezi, amabhamuza amagesi asheshe asukume abheke phezulu. Ukwakheka kwe-foam kubandakanya ukufaka inani elikhulu legesi ku-ketshezi; Ama-bubble bese abuyela ngokushesha ebusweni, adale okuhlanganisiwe kwama-bubble amoya ahlukaniswe ifilimu elinguketshezi elincane. I-Foam inezimpawu ezimbili ezihlukile ze-morphological: okokuqala, ama-bubble kagesi ajwayele ukuthatha isimo se-polyhedral ngoba ifilimu elincanyana eliwuketshezi lapho kuhlangana khona ama-bubble kuvame ukuba mncane, ekugcineni kuholele ekuqhumeni kwe-bubble. Okwesibili, uketshezi olumsulwa alukwazi ukwakha igwebu elizinzile; Okungenani izingxenye ezimbili kumele kube khona ukudala igwebu. Isixazululo esisezingeni eliphezulu uhlelo olujwayelekile lwamagwebu alwakhe amagwebu amandla alonakalise amandla axhunyaniswa nezinye izakhiwo zalo. Ama-Surfactants anekhono elihle lokugcotshwa kwamagwebu abizwa ngokuthi ama-foaming agents. Yize ama-Foaming Agents abonisa amakhono amahle okugcwala, amagwebu abawakhiqizi angahlala isikhathi eside, okusho ukuthi ukuqina kwabo akuqinisekisiwe. Ukwenza ngcono ukuqina kwe-foam, izinto ezithuthukisa ukuqina kungangezwa; Lawa abakhohliswayo, abanezitebhisi ezivamile kufaka ne-lauryl diethanolamine kanye nama-oxitis kaDodecyl Dimethyl Amine.

(2) Ukuqina kwe-Foam

I-Foam uhlelo olungazinzile; Ukuthuthuka kwalo okungokwemvelo kuholela ekuqhumeni, ngaleyo ndlela kunciphise indawo yendawo ephelele yoketshezi futhi kunciphise amandla wamahhala. Inqubo yokungcolisa ifaka ukuthathwa kancane kancane kwefilimu ewuketshezi ehlukanisa igesi kuze kube yilapho ukuqhubekela phambili. Izinga lokuqina kwegwebu lithonywa ngokuyinhloko ngesilinganiso sokudonsa amanzi namandla efilimu eliwuketshezi. Izici ezinethonya zifaka:

① Ukungezwani kwe-Surface: kusuka ekubukeni okunamandla, ukungezwani okuphansi kwengxabano ephansi kuthanda ukwakheka kwe-foam kodwa akuqinisekisi ukuqina kwe-foam. Ukungezwani komhlaba okuphansi kukhombisa ukwahlukana okuncane kwengcindezi, okuholela ekuhambeni okukamva koketshezi kanye nokuqina kwefilimu eliwuketshezi, zombili ezifuna ukuzinza.

② Ukuvulekezwa komhlaba: Isici esisemqoka ekuqineni kwe-Foam ngamandla efilimu eliwuketshezi, ngokuyinhloko onqunywe ukuqina kwefilimu le-adsorption, elilinganiswe yi-viscosity engaphezulu. Imiphumela yokuhlola ikhombisa ukuthi izixazululo ezinokubonakala okuphezulu komhlaba zikhiqiza i-foam ehlala isikhathi eside ngenxa yokusebenzisana okuthuthukile kwifilimu e-adsorbed ekhulisa amandla amakhulu.

I-Viscosity Solution: Ukuvuleka okuphezulu kuketshezi uqobo kunciphisa ukudonsa koketshezi kusuka kulwelwesi, ngaleyo ndlela kukhule isikhathi sokuphila kwefilimu.

④ ukungezwani kwe-surface tension "Ukulungisa": Ama-Surfactants adderbed ku-membrane angamelana nokwanda noma ukwanda kwendawo yefilimu; Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi isenzo sokulungisa. Lapho ama-surfachantis adsorb kwifilimu ewuketshezi futhi anwebe indawo yawo engaphezulu, lokhu kunciphisa ukugxila okungapheli ebusweni futhi kwandise ukungezwani komhlaba; Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukukopela kuholela ekuqoqweni okuqhubekayo kwe-surfactant ebusweni futhi kamuva kwehlisa ukungezwani komhlaba.

⑤ Ukuvikelwa kwegesi ngefilimu eliwuketshezi: Ngenxa yokucindezela kwe-capillary, ama-bubble amancane athambekele ekucindezelekeni kwangaphakathi okuphezulu uma kuqhathaniswa nama-bubble amakhulu aqhamuka amakhulu, abize ama-bubble amancane ukuba akhule, ekugcineni aphumelele ekuweni kwe-foam. Uhlelo lokusebenza olungaguquki lwe-surfactants ludala ama-bubble ayunifomu, asatshalaliswa kahle futhi avimbela ukungcolisa. Ngama-surfactants afakwe ngokuqinile kwifilimu ewuketshezi, ukuguquguquka kwegesi kuyaphazanyiswa, ngaleyo ndlela kuthuthukiswe ukuqina kwegwebu.

Umphumela ② wokushaja okungaphezulu I-Ionic Surfactants inganikeza lo mphumela wokuqina. Ngamafuphi, amandla efilimu eliwuketshezi yisici esibalulekile esinquma ukuqina kwe-foam. Ama-surfactants asebenza njengama-ejenti we-foaming kanye nokugcina izinkundla kumele abeke phansi ama-molecule ahlanganiswe kakhulu, ngoba lokhu kuthinta kakhulu ukusebenzisana kwama-molecular, okwenza uketshezi lokugeleza lube kude nefilimu elingumakhelwane, okwenza ukuqina kwegwebu kuphumelele.

(3) Ukubhujiswa kwegwebu

Isimiso esiyisisekelo sokubhujiswa kwegwebu sihlanganisa ukuguqula izimo ezikhiqiza amagwebu noma ukuqeda izinto eziqinisa amagwebu, okuholela ezindleleni ezibonakalayo ezingokomzimba nezamakhemikhali. Ukungcoliswa ngokomzimba kugcina ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali kwesisombululo se-foamy ngenkathi kushintsha izimo ezinjengokuphazamiseka kwangaphandle, izinga lokushisa, noma izinguquko zokucindezela, kanye nokwelashwa okusebenzayo, zonke izindlela eziphumelelayo zokuqeda igwebu. I-Chemical Devoaming isho okungeziwe kwezinto ezithile ezisebenzisana nama-ejenti we-Foaming ukunciphisa amandla wefilimu eliwuketshezi ngaphakathi kwegwebu ngaphakathi kwe-foam, ukunciphisa ukuqina kwe-foam nokuthola ukungcolisa. Izinto ezinjalo zibizwa ngokuthi ama-defoamers, iningi lazo ezisetshenziswayo. Ama-desoamers ajwayele ukuba nekhono eliphawuleka lokunciphisa ukungezwani komhlaba futhi angakwazi ukuhlelwa kabusha ama-adsorb aqonde ezindaweni ezinobuthakathaka phakathi kwama-molecule akhona, ngaleyo ndlela adale isakhiwo esihleli se-molecule. Izinhlobo ze-defouamer zihlukahlukene, kepha zivame ukungasebenzi kahle, ezinotshwala ezinamafutha, ama-acid amafutha, ama-fattuty acid esters, ama-polyamides, ama-phosphates kanye namafutha e-silicone avame ukusetshenziswa ama-desoumers amahle kakhulu.

(4) Foam nokuhlanza

Inani le-Foam alihambelani ngqo nokusebenza kahle kokuhlanzwa; Amagwebu amaningi awasho ukuhlanzwa okungcono. Isibonelo, ama-surfactants ase-nonion angakhiqiza amagwebu amancane kunesepha, kepha angaba namakhono aphezulu wokuhlanza. Kodwa-ke, ezimeni ezithile, amagwebu angakusiza ukususwa ukungcola; Isibonelo, i-Foam evela ekushaweni kwezitsha zokuwasha isiza ekuthwaleni amafutha, ngenkathi ukuhlanza amakhaphethi kuvumela igwebu lisuse ukungcola nokungcola okuqinile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Foam ingakhombisa ukusebenza ngempumelelo kokuhlanza; Amafutha amakhulu ngokweqile avame ukuvimba ukwakheka kwe-bubble, okubangela ukuntuleka kwegwebu noma ukunciphisa amagwebu akhona, okubonisa ukusebenza kwe-detergent ephansi. Ngokwengeziwe, i-Foam ingasebenza njengesikhombi sokuhlanzeka kokuhlanzeka, njengamazinga we-foam emanzini ahlanza ngokuhlanza ngokuhlala phansi okuphansi.

Inqubo yokugeza engu-09

Ukukhuluma kabanzi, ukugeza kuyinqubo yokususa izakhi ezingafuneki entweni ehlanzwa ukuze kufezeke inhloso ethile. Ngemigomo efanayo, ukugeza kubhekisele ekususweni kokungcola kusuka ebusweni bomthwali. Ngesikhathi sokugeza, izinto ezithile zamakhemikhali (ezinjenge-detegents) isenzo sokunciphisa noma ukuqeda ukusebenzisana phakathi kokungcola kanye nomthwali, ukuguqula isibopho phakathi kokungcola phakathi kokungcola nokuhlanza, okuvumela ukwahlukana kwazo. Njengoba kunikezwe ukuthi izinto okufanele zihlanzwe futhi ukungcola okudinga ukususa kungahlukahluka, ukugeza kuyinqubo eyinkimbinkimbi, engenziwa lula ebudlelwaneni obulandelayo:

Carrier • Carrit + Drick = Dricker + ukungcola Inqubo yokuwasha ingahlukaniswa izigaba ezimbili:

1. Ukungcola kuhlukaniswe nomthwali ngaphansi kwesenzo se-detergent;

2. Ukungcola okuhlukanisiwe kuhlakazeka futhi kumiswe endaweni ephakathi. Inqubo yokuwasha ibuyiselwe emuva, okusho ukuthi ukungcola okuhlakazekile noma okumisiwe kungahle kube nokuhlehlisa entweni ehlanziwe. Ngakho-ke, ama-detegents asebenzayo awadingi nje amandla okususa ukungcola kusuka kumthwali kodwa futhi asabalalise futhi amise ukungcola, akuvimbela ekuhambeni kabusha.

(1) izinhlobo zokungcola

Ngisho nento eyodwa inganqwabelana izinhlobo ezahlukene, izingoma, kanye namanani okungcolile ngokuya ngomongo wawo wokusebenzisa. Ukungcola okunamafutha kuqukethe ikakhulukazi amafutha ahlukahlukene nezitshalo namafutha amaminerali (njengamafutha aluhlaza, uwoyela kaphethiloli, i-ter taal, njll.); Ukungcola okuqinile kufaka phakathi udaba lokubandakanya njenge-soot, uthuli, ukugqwala kanye nekhabhoni emnyama. Ngokuphathelene nokungcola kwezingubo, kungavela kumathebhu angabantu anjengomjuluko, iSebum, negazi; amabala ahlobene nokudla anjengezithelo noma amabala kawoyela kanye nama-soavings; Izinsalela ezivela kwizimonyo ezifana ne-lipstick ne-nail Polish; ukungcola kwasemkhathini okunjengentuthu, uthuli nenhlabathi; kanye namabala angeziwe afana ne-inki, itiye, nopende. Lezi zinhlobonhlobo zokungcola zivame ukuhlukaniswa zifakwe ezinhlakeni eziqinile, eziwuketshezi nezinhlobo ezikhethekile.

① Ukungcola okuqinile: Izibonelo ezijwayelekile zifaka phakathi soot, udaka, kanye nezinhlayiya zothuli, iningi lazo livame ukuba namacala - livame ukukhokhiswa kabi - linamathela kalula ezintweni ezibonakalayo. Ukungcola okuqinile kuvame ukuncibilika emanzini kepha kungahlakazwa futhi kumiswe ku-detegents. Izinhlayiya ezincane kune-0.1μM zingaba inselelo enkulu ukususa.

② Ukungcola okuwuketshezi: Lokhu kufaka phakathi izinto ezinamafutha ezinamafutha ezilwane, ezihlanganisa amafutha ezilwane, ezinamafutha, amafutha anamafutha, owoyela wamaminerali, kanye noxides babo. Ngenkathi uwoyela wezilwane kanye nemifino nama-acid anamafutha angaphendula nge-alkalis ukuze kwakhiwe insipho, amafutha kanye namafutha amaminerali awekhohliswayo, futhi kungahlakazwa ama-hydrocarbons, futhi kungahlakazwa futhi kuhlakazeke izixazululo ze-organic. Ukungcola okunamafutha onamafutha kuvame ukulandelwa ngokuqinile ezintweni ezi-fibrous ngenxa yokusebenzisana okunamandla.

③ Ukungcola okukhethekile: Lesi sigaba siqukethe amaprotheni, izinkanyezi, igazi, kanye nokuthola komuntu okunjengomjuluko nomchamo, kanye nezithelo nezithelo nezithelo. Lezi zinto ezisetshenziswayo zivame ukubopha ngokuqinile emithanjeni ngokusebenzisana ngamakhemikhali, kubenza kube nzima ukugeza. Izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zokungcola akuvamile ukuba zibe khona ngokuzimela, kunalokho zixubana futhi zinamathele ngokuhlanganyela ekubumbeni. Imvamisa, ngaphansi kwamathonya angaphandle, ukungcola kungakwazi, ukubola, noma ukubola, kukhiqize izinhlobo ezintsha zokungcola.

(2) Ukunamathela kokungcola

Ukungcola kunamathela ezintweni ezifana nezingubo nesikhumba ngenxa yokusebenzisana okuthile phakathi kwento nokungcola. Amandla anamathela phakathi kokungcola kanti into ingavela kunoma yikuphi ukunamathela ngokomzimba noma kwamakhemikhali.

I-adhesion yomzimba: Ukunamathela kokungcola okunjenge-soot, uthuli nodaka ikakhulukazi kubandakanya ukusebenzisana ngokomzimba okubuthakathaka. Ngokuvamile, lezi zinhlobo zokungcola zingasuswa kalula ngenxa yokunamathela kwabo okubuthakathaka, okuvela ikakhulu kumandla wemishini noma kagesi.

A: I-Mechan Adhesion **: Lokhu ngokujwayelekile kubhekisele ekungcoleni okuqinile njengothuli noma isihlabathi esinamathela ngezindlela zemishini, okulula ukususa, yize izinhlayiya ezincane ezingaphansi kuka-0.1μM zinzima ukuzihlanza.

B: I-Electrostatic Adhesion **: Lokhu kufaka phakathi izinhlayiya ezingcolile ezikhokhiswayo ezixhumana nezinto zokwenziwa eziphikweni; Imvamisa, izinto ze-fibrous ziphatha izindleko ezingezinhle, zibavumele ukuba bahehe abalandeli abakhokhisiwe njengamasawoti athile. Ezinye izinhlayiya ezikhokhiswa kabi zinganqwabelana kule micu ngamabhuloho e-Ionic akhiwa ngama-ion amahle kusixazululo.

Adhesion Chemical Adhesion: Lokhu kusho ukungcola okunamathela entweni ngamabhondi zamakhemikhali. Isibonelo, ukungcola okuqinile kwe-polar noma izinto zokugqwala ezifana nokugqwala zinamathela ngokuqinile ngenxa yamabhondi zamakhemikhali akhiwa ngamaqembu asebenzayo anjengeqembu le-carboxyl, ama-hydroxyl, noma ama-anine amaqembu akhona ngezinto ezi-fibrous. Lawa amabhondi adala ukusebenzisana okunamandla, okwenza kube nzima ngokwengeziwe ukususa ukungcola; Izindlela zokwelapha ezikhethekile zingadingeka ukuze zihlanze ngempumelelo. I-degree of dirt adhesion incike kuzo zombili izakhiwo zombango uqobo kanye nalezo zobuso zinamathela kuzo.

(3) izindlela zokususwa okungcolile

Inhloso yokuwasha ukuqeda ukungcola. Lokhu kufaka ukusebenzisa izenzo ezahlukahlukene zomzimba nezamakhemikhali zokuhlanza ukuze zenze buthaka noma ziqede ukunamathela phakathi kokungcola nezinto ezihlanjiwe, ezinjengezinyathelo zokuhlanza, eziholela ekuhlukaniseni amanzi, noma kuholela ekuhlukaniseni ukungcola.

①shini ① yokususwa okungcolile okuwuketshezi

A: Ukumanzisa: Ukungcola okuningi okuwuketshezi kunamafutha futhi kuvame ukumanzisa izinto ezahlukahlukene, zakha ifilimu elinamafutha phezu kwezindawo zazo. Isinyathelo sokuqala sokugeza isenzo se-detergent esenza amanzi ebusweni.
B: I-Rollup Mechanism yokususwa kwamafutha: Isinyathelo sesibili sokususwa okungcolile komoya kwenzeka ngenqubo yokugoqa. Ukungcola okuwuketshezi okusatshalaliswa njengefilimu ebusweni ngokuqhubekayo kugingqika kumaconsi ngenxa yokumanzisa uketshezi olulamela amanzi endaweni yokuwasha, ekugcineni kwathathelwa indawo ukugeza uketshezi.

②shini ◇ yokususwa okuqinile okungcolile

Ngokungafani nokungcola okuwuketshezi, ukususwa kokungcola okuqinile kuthembela emandleni okugeza okugeza okugeza okumanzi zombili izinhlayiya zodaka kanye nobuso bezinto zokuthwala. I-adsorption of surficants ezindaweni ezingcolile eziqinile kanti umthwali wehlisa amandla abo okusebenzisana, ngaleyo ndlela wehlise amandla okunamathela wezinhlayiya ezingcolile, okwenza kube lula ukususa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-surfactants, ikakhulukazi ama-ionic sursuctants, angakhuphula amandla kagesi okungcola okuqinile kanye nokuqukethwe komhlaba, okwenza ukususwa okwengeziwe.

Ama-surfactics ase-nonionic athambekele ku-adderb ezindaweni eziqinile ezikhokhiswayo futhi angakha ungqimba olubalulekile lwe-adsorbed, okuholele ekunciphiseni ukungcola kokungcola. Ama-cationic surfactants, noma kunjalo, anganciphisa amandla kagesi okungcola kanye nendawo yenethiwekhi, eholela ekuphulukeni okunciphile futhi akhiphe ukukhishwa okungcolile.

③ Ukususwa kokungcola okukhethekile

Ukuhlanza okujwayelekile kungahlwitha ngamabala anenkani kusuka kumaprotheni, izinkanyezi, igazi kanye ne-bodily Beection. Ama-Enzyme afana ne-proteasease angasusa ama-protein amabala ngempumelelo ngokubhidliza amaprotheni abe ama-amino acid noma ama-peptides. Ngokufanayo, ama-starches angavunyelwa ushukela nge-amylase. Ama-lipases angasiza ukunqanda ukuthembeka kwe-triacylllycerol okuvame ukulususa ngezindlela ezivamile. Amabala avela ezitsheni zezithelo, itiye, noma uyinki kwesinye isikhathi adinga ama-oxidizing agents noma ama-rectations, asabela ngamaqembu akhiqiza umbala ukuze angcolise izingcezwana ezincibilikisanayo amanzi.

(4) Indlela yokuhlanza eyomile

Amaphuzu angenhla asetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko ukugeza ngamanzi. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokwehlukahlukana kwezindwangu, ezinye izinto zokwakha kungenzeka zingaphenduli kahle ekuhlanzeni kwamanzi, okuholela ekuhlanzeni kwamanzi, ukubhekana nombala, njll. Imicu eminingi yemvelo yandise uma ingena kalula, iholela ezinguquko ezihlelekile zesakhiwo. Ngakho-ke, ukuhlanza okomile, ngokujwayelekile kusetshenziswa izixazululo ze-organic, kuvame ukuthandwa ngalezi zindwangu.

Ukuhlanza owomile kungumbatho uma kuqhathaniswa nokugeza okumanzi, njengoba kunciphisa isenzo semishini esingalimaza izingubo. Ngokukhishwa okuwukungcola okusebenzayo ekuhlanzeni okwomile, ukungcola kuhlukaniswe ngezinhlobo ezintathu eziphambili:

① Ukungcola okune-soluble soluble: Lokhu kufaka phakathi uwoyela namafutha, ancibilika kalula kuma-solvents asomile wokuhlanza.

② Ukungcola okunyibilika amanzi: Lolu hlobo lungancibilika emanzini kodwa hhayi kuma-sols alomile okuhlanza, ahlanganisa usawoti we-inorganic, izinkanyezi namaprotheni, angahle avele avele avele.

③ Ukungcola okungewona owokulinkulu- noma amanzi ancibilikayo: Lokhu kufaka phakathi izinto ezifana ne-carbon emnyama kanye nensimbi eziku-silicates ezingasichazi maphakathi naphakathi.

Uhlobo ngalunye lokungcola ludinga amasu ahlukile wokususwa okusebenzayo ngesikhathi sokuhlanza eyomile. Ukungcola okunyibilika uwoyela kususwa ngokuqondile kusetshenziswa izixazululo ze-organic ngenxa yokuhlaselwa kwazo okuhle kakhulu kuma-solvents angavumi. Ngamabala angenamanzi, amanzi anele kufanele abe khona kumenzeli wokuhlanza owomile ngoba amanzi acugela ukususwa okuwukungcola okusebenzayo. Ngeshwa, ngoba amanzi ane-soubity encane kuma-ejenti wokuhlanza owomile, ama-surfactants ajwayele ukungezwa ukusiza ukuhlanganisa amanzi.

Ama-Surfactants athuthukisa amandla okuhlanza amenzeli wamanzi nosizo ekuqinisekiseni ukungcoliswa kokungcola kwamanzi ngaphakathi kwamanzi ngaphakathi kweMicelles. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-surfactants angavimba ukungcola ekwakheni amadiphozithi amasha ngemuva kokugeza, ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokuhlanza. Ukungezwa kwamanzi okuncane kubalulekile ekususeni lokhu kungcola, kepha amanani amaningi angaholela ekuhlanekezelweni kwendwangu, ngaleyo ndlela afune okuqukethwe kwamanzi okulinganiselayo ezixazululweni zokuhlanza ezomile.

(5) Izici ezithonya isenzo sokugeza

I-adsorption of surfcactants ezindaweni zokuhlangana kanye nokuncishiswa kwemiphumela yokungezwani kwezilwane kubalulekile ekususeni ukungcola okuwuketshezi noma okuqinile. Kodwa-ke, ukugeza kuyinkimbinkimbi ngokwemvelo, kuthonywe yizici eziningi ezinhlotsheni ezifanayo nezinto ezifanayo. Lezi zinto zifaka ukugxila kokuhlanza, izinga lokushisa, izakhiwo ezingcolile, izinhlobo zefayibha, nesakhiwo sendwangu.

Ukuqoshwa kwama-surficacters: ama-michelles akhiwa yi-surfactants adlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekugezeni. Ukusebenza kahle kwanda kakhulu uma kuphela ukugxila okubucayi kwe-micelle (CMC), kufanele kusetshenziswe ama-detegegents ekugxileni okuphezulu kune-CMC yokugeza ngempumelelo. Kodwa-ke, ukugxila kokuhlanza ngenhla kwe-CMC ukunciphisa ukuncipha kwembuyiselo, okwenza ukugxila ngokweqile kungadingeki.

Umphumela ② wokushisa: izinga lokushisa linomthelela omkhulu ekusebenzeni kahle kokuhlanza. Ngokuvamile, amazinga okushisa aphakeme asiza ukukhishwa okungcolile; Kodwa-ke, ukushisa ngokweqile kungenzeka kube nemiphumela emibi. Ukukhulisa izinga lokushisa kuvame ukusiza ukungcoliswa okungcolile futhi kungadala ukungcola okunamafutha ukuba kuvimbele kalula. Kodwa-ke, ngezindwangu ezilukiwe ngokuqinile, izinga lokushisa elikhulayo elenza imicu likhukhule linganciphisa amandla okususa.

Ukushintshashintsha kwezinga lokushisa kuthinta ne-Surfactant Solubity, CMC, kanye ne-micelle, ngaleyo ndlela kuthonya ukusebenza kahle. Kwama-surfactants amaningi amade, amazinga okushisa aphansi anciphisa i-solubity, kwesinye isikhathi ngaphansi kwe-CMC yawo; Ngakho-ke, ukufudumala okufanele kungadingeka ukuze kusebenze kahle. Imithelela yokushisa ku-CMC kanye neMicelles ihlukile ku-Ionic Versus Surfactants ancuion: Ukwandisa izinga lokushisa ngokuvamile liphakamisa i-CMC ye-Ionic Surfactants, ngaleyo ndlela idinga ukulungiswa kokuhlushwa.

③ Foam: Kunomqondo ojwayelekile oxhumanisa amabinathi wokuhlanza ngokugeza ngempumelelo - amagwebu amaningi awalingani nokugeza okuphezulu. Ubufakazi obunamandla buveza ukuthi okokuhlanza okunamagwebu aphansi kungasebenza ngokulinganayo. Kodwa-ke, i-Foam ingasiza ukususwa okungcolile kuzicelo ezithile, njengokuhlanza izitsha, lapho igwebu lisiza ukususa amafutha noma ekuhlanzeni ukhaphethi, lapho kuphakamisa khona ukungcola. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuba khona kwe-Foam kungakhombisa ukuthi izihlanza ziyasebenza yini; Amafutha amaningi angavimba ukwakheka kwe-foam, ngenkathi ukuncipha kwe-foam kusayina ukuncishiswa kokuhlanzwa kwe-detendent.

④ Uhlobo lwefiber kanye nezakhiwo zezindwangu: ngaphezulu kwesakhiwo samakhemikhali, ukubukeka kanye nokuhlelwa kwemicu kuthonya ukungcola nokususwa kobunzima nokususwa. Imicu enezinto ezinolaka noma ezifuywayo, njengoboya noma ukotini, bathambekele ukudonsa ukungcola kalula kunemicu ebushelelezi. Izindwangu ezilukiwe kakhulu ekuqaleni zingamelana nokuqongelela okungcolile kodwa zingavimbela ukugeza okusebenzayo ngenxa yokufinyelela okulinganiselwe ekungcoleni okubhajwe.

Ubulukhuni bamanzi: ukugxila kwe-ca²⁺, i-MG²⁺, namanye ama-ions metallic, ikakhulukazi ama-anionic surffactants, angenza usawoti wokungabizi kahle. Ngamanzi anzima ngisho nokuhlushwa okwenele okukhona, ukusebenza kahle kuwa mafushane ngokuqhathaniswa namanzi anciphile. Ngokusebenza kahle kwe-surfactaint, ukugcwala kwe-CA²⁺ kumele kuncishiswe ngaphansi kwe-1 × 10 ⁻⁶ mol / l (caco₃ ngezansi kwe-0,1 mg / l), kuvame ukudinga ukufakwa kwama-ejenti athambisa amanzi ngaphakathi kokuqamba kwamanzi.